Table 4. The effect of piplartine-containing ruthenium complexes on gene expression of HCT116 cells.
| Gene symbol | Description | RQ | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DOX | PL | 1 | 2 | ||
| BCL2 | BCL2, apoptosis regulator | 3.1 | 1.1 | 2.4 | 0.8 |
| CCND1 | cyclin D1 | 1.1 | 0.7 | 1.2 | 0.5 |
| CDH1 | cadherin 1 | 7.1 | 2.5 | 3.7 | 1.1 |
| CDKN2A | cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor 2A | 1.8 | 1.6 | 2.5 | 1.2 |
| CYCS | cytochrome c, somatic | 1.0 | 1.0 | 2.0 | 1.0 |
| EGFR | epidermal growth factor receptor | 0.8 | 1.2 | 1.3 | 11,276.3 |
| FADD | Fas associated via death domain | 1.1 | 0.4 | 0.6 | 74.1 |
| FN1 | fibronectin 1 | 3.6 | 2.0 | 3.8 | N.d. |
| FOS | Fos proto-oncogene, AP-1 transcription factor subunit | 11.8 | 31.0 | 11.9 | N.d. |
| FYN | FYN proto-oncogene, Src family tyrosine kinase | 1.3 | 1.7 | 2.5 | 1.8 |
| FZD1 | frizzled class receptor 1 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 2.3 | 0.9 |
| GUSB | glucuronidase beta | 5.0 | 5.2 | 4.5 | 2.9 |
| IGF1R | insulin like growth factor 1 receptor | 1.4 | 2.1 | 2.3 | 0.7 |
| ITGA2B | integrin subunit alpha 2b | 4.5 | 3.0 | 3.1 | 0.1 |
| ITGAV | integrin subunit alpha V | 1.3 | 1.0 | 1.4 | 1,149.0 |
| JUN | Jun proto-oncogene, AP-1 transcription factor subunit | 4.1 | 3.8 | 3.7 | 2.3 |
| KDR | kinase insert domain receptor | N.d. | 8.3 | 4.4 | 1.4 |
| MAP2K1 | mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1 | 0.7 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 2,107.2 |
| MAP3K5 | mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 5 | 1.0 | 0.6 | 0.3 | 4.3 |
| MAPK3 | mitogen-activated protein kinase 3 | 2.8 | 1.7 | 2.0 | 1.9 |
| MAX | MYC associated factor X | N.d. | 3.1 | 3.6 | 0.9 |
| NFKBIA | NF-κB inhibitor alpha | 2.3 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 0.9 |
| PIK3R1 | phosphoinositide-3-kinase regulatory subunit 1 | 2.0 | 2.4 | 2.5 | 1.3 |
| PTEN | phosphatase and tensin homolog | 1.8 | 0.5 | 2.0 | 0.8 |
| PTK2 | protein tyrosine kinase 2 | 1.2 | 0.6 | 1.6 | 2.4 |
| PTK2B | protein tyrosine kinase 2 beta | 3.4 | 2.3 | 2.3 | 1.0 |
| RAC1 | ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 (rho family, small GTP binding protein Rac1) | 0.9 | 0.7 | 1.1 | 2.7 |
| RAF1 | Raf-1 proto-oncogene, serine/threonine kinase | 2.0 | 0.6 | 2.0 | 0.9 |
| SHC1 | SHC adaptor protein 1 | 0.6 | 0.2 | 0.4 | N.d. |
| SMAD4 | SMAD family member 4 | 1.0 | 0.9 | 1.4 | 2.1 |
| SOS1 | SOS Ras/Rac guanine nucleotide exchange factor 1 | 0.7 | 0.9 | 1.2 | 0.2 |
| SPP1 | secreted phosphoprotein 1 | 1.2 | 1.3 | 2.5 | 10.1 |
| TGFBR2 | transforming growth factor beta receptor 2 | 0.9 | 1.2 | 2.4 | 1.1 |
| TP53 | tumor protein p53 | 3.3 | 1.2 | 3.5 | 1.5 |
HCT116 cells were treated with 2.5 μM of complex 1 and 5 μM of complex 2 for 12 h. The negative control was treated with the vehicle (0.1% of a solution containing 70% sorbitol, 25% tween 80 and 5% water) used for diluting the compounds tested. Doxorubicin (DOX, 1 μM) and piplartine (PL, 10 μM) were used as the positive controls. After treatment, total RNA was isolated and reverse transcribed. Gene expression was detected using the 96-well plate TaqMan® Array Human Molecular Mechanisms of Cancer. GAPDH, 18S and HPRT1 genes were used as endogenous gene for normalization. Values represent the relative quantitation (RQ) compared with the calibrator (cells treated with the negative control, RQ = 1.0). The genes were considered to be upregulated if RQ ≥ 2 and were considered to be downregulated if RQ ≤ 0.5. N.d. Not determinated.