Table 1.
Study | Domain of Interest |
Proposed Mechanism |
Target (proximal outcome based on hypothesized mechanism of action) |
Selective Intervention (to engage the target) |
Evidence of Target Engagement |
Distal Outcomes (linking target engagement to clinical outcomes) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Granholm et al., 2009 | Independent living skills in schizophrenia | Social disinterest leads to poor community functioning | Social disinterest attitudes | Cognitive behavioral social skills training (CBSST) | CBSST led to reduced social disinterest attitudes | Reduced social disinterest associated with improved independent living skills |
Medalia and Choi, 2010 | Engagement in cognitive training in schizophrenia spectrum disorders | Diminished motivation leads to decreased engagement with challenging tasks | Intrinsic motivation | CR plus motivational paradigm vs. CR only | CR + motivation increased intrinsic motivation compared to CR only | Increased intrinsic motivation associated with greater cognitive gains during CR |
Freeman et al., 2015 | Persecutory delusions in psychosis | Worry thoughts increase persecutory delusions | Worry thoughts | CBT | CBT targeting worry thoughts led to decreased worry | Decreased worry associated with reductions in persecutory delusions |
Schlosser et al., 2016 | Functional outcomes and quality of life in early course schizophrenia | Reward and motivation impairments associated with poor outcomes in early psychosis | Reward processing and motivation | Mobile interface targeting motivational and reward deficits | Use of mobile device associated with increased motivation and improved reward processing* | Changes in motivation and reward processing lead to improved community functioning and reported quality of life* |
Zilverstand et al., 2016 | Craving in Addiction | Inhibitory control is associated with affect regulation and craving | Inhibitory control network | CBT or MI | CBT and MI increase recruitment of inhibitory control network | Recruitment of inhibitory control network associated with both affect regulation and control of craving |
Stange et al., 2017 | Mood and anxiety symptoms in social anxiety or depression | Enhanced attention to aversive stimuli increases mood and anxiety symptoms | ERP-measured index of attention to aversive images | CBT | CBT associated with changes in ERP-measured attention to aversive images | ERP measured attention to aversive images associated with reductions in depression and anxiety |
CR: cognitive remediation; TAU: treatment as usual; CBT: cognitive behavioral therapy; MI: motivational interviewing; ERP: event related potential
Please Note: evidence of target engagement and distal outcomes presented for this study are hypothetical and for illustrative purposes only; actual findings have not yet been reported.