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Schematic diagram of the impact of V-ATPase inhibition by PPIs for proliferation, progression, tumorigenesis, metastasis, and drug resistance in tumor cells. ADP, adenosine diphosphate; ATP, adenosine triphosphate; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; PPI, proton pump inhibitor; V-ATPase, vacuolar H+-ATPase.
