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. 2017 Dec 12;8:2459. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02459

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Copyright © 2017 Pajarillo, Kim, Valeriano, Lee and Kang.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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A proposed host–microbe interaction model of LM1 and IPEC-J2 cells. The diagram shows the mechanism of adhesion that could be exhibited by LM1 in various ways: (1) Moonlighting proteins that are secreted externally via the bacterial secretion system, (2) carbohydrate-specific binding proteins, and (3) intestinal epithelial cell (IEC)-specific adhesion proteins. LM1 establishment can influence IEC function by regulating tight junction (TJ) and barrier integrity via TJ dephosphorylation and actin regulation. Histone levels and post-translational mechanisms are also influenced by LM1 that may lead to gene regulation, the secretion of host antimicrobial compounds, and immunomodulation.