Figure 2.

Role of SOCS proteins in the regulation of the signaling pathways induced by recognition of gram positive bacteria. Recognition of gram positive bacteria through their lipopeptide by TLR1 or/and 2. MyD88 and Toll/interleukin-1 (IL-1)-receptor (TIR)-domain mediates the activation of TLR2 by gram-positive bacteria, leading to the activation of the NF-κB pathway; MAPK signaling pathway via JNK, ERK-1, and p38 kinase activation; and pro-inflammatory caspase-1 (Schroder et al., 2003; Draing et al., 2008). The SOCS protein responsible for regulation of TLR signaling is highlighted in red.