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. 2017 Nov 23;2017:9036450. doi: 10.1155/2017/9036450

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Copyright © 2017 Anila Duni et al.

This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Pathways of amplified oxidative stress in CKD and byproducts leading to accelerated atherosclerosis. AT: angiotensin; DM: diabetes mellitus; eNOS: endothelial nitric oxide synthase; FAPPs: fatty acid peroxidation products; GSH: glutathione; HT: hypertension; MDA: malondialdehyde; Mito: mitochondria; MPO: myeloperoxidase; NF-κB: nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells; NOX: NADPH oxidase; NRF2: nuclear factor E2-related factor 2; OxPLs: oxidized phospholipids; PON: paraoxonase; SOD: superoxide dismutase; WBC: white blood cells; XO: xanthine oxidase.