Table 1. Backgrounds and outcomes in EMPA-REG OUTCOME trial, CANVAS program and CVD-REAL study.
| Design, backgrounds and outcomes | Study | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| EMPA-REG OUTCOME trial | CANVAS program | CVD-REAL study | |
| Study design | RCT | Integrated data from 2 RCTs | Propensity-matched cohort study |
| N | 7,020 | 10,142 | 309,056 |
| Mean age (years) | 63 | 63 | 57 |
| Gender (male, approximately %) | 71 | 64 | 56 |
| A history of cardiovascular diseases (%) | >99 | 65.6 | 13 |
| Use of SGLT2 inhibitors (%) | Empagliflozin 100 | Canagliflozin 100 | Canagliflozin 53 |
| Dapagliflozin 42 | |||
| Empagliflozin 5 | |||
| Duration of follow-up | 3.1 years | 188.2 weeks | All-cause death |
| SGLT2i: 271 days | |||
| oGLD: 251 days | |||
| Hospitalization for heart failure | |||
| SGLT2i: 239 days | |||
| oGLD: 211 days | |||
| All-cause death (RR, %) | 32 | 13 (NS) | 51 |
| Death from cardiovascular causes (RR, %) | 14 | 14 | – |
| Hospitalization for heart failure (RR, %) | 35 | 33 | 39 |
| Hospitalization for heart failure or death from cardiovascular causes (RR, %) | 34 | 22 | – |
| Hospitalization for heart failure or all-cause death (RR, %) | – | – | 46 |
CANVAS, Canagliflozin Cardiovascular Assessment Study; CVD-REAL, Comparative Effectiveness of Cardiovascular Outcomes in New Users of Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter-2 Inhibitors; EMPA-REG OUTCOME, Empagliflozin Cardiovascular Outcome Event Trial in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients-Removing Excess Glucose; NS, not statistically significant; oGLD, other glucose-lowering drugs; RCT, randomized controlled trial; RR, risk reduction; SGLT2i, sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors.