Table 2.
Item Content, Mean (M), Standard Deviation (SD), and Factor Loadings (λ, 9-factor solution) of the CERQ Items.
| Scale names (Cronbach α values) and items | Sample 1 M (SD) | Sample 2 M (SD) | Total sample M (SD) | λ | Domínguez-Sánchez et al. (2013) λ n = 615 | Garnefski and Kraaij (2007) λ T1 / T2 n = 611 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Self-blame (α = 0.86) | ||||||
| 1. I feel that I am the one to blame for it (1) | 2.33 (1.27) | 2.17 (1.19) | 2.33 (1.26) | 0.89 | 0.79 | 0.70/0.70 |
| 2. I feel that I am the one who is responsible for what has happened (10) | 2.23 (1.21) | 2.14 (1.20) | 2.23 (1.20) | 0.92 | 0.68 | 0.71/0.70 |
| 3. I think about the mistakes I have made in this matter (19) | 2.98 (1.34) | 3.06 (1.28) | 2.98 (1.33) | 0.73 | −0.11 | 0.55/0.57 |
| 4. I think that basically the cause must lie within myself (28) | 2.26 (1.24) | 2.27 (1.14) | 2.26 (1.24) | 0.82 | 0.69 | 0.80/0.77 |
| Acceptance (α = 0.77) | ||||||
| 5. I think that I have to accept that this has happened (2) | 3.36 (1.35) | 3.21 (1.29) | 3.36 (1.35) | 0.93 | 0.72 | 0.73/0.77 |
| 6. I think that I have to accept the situation (11) | 3.47 (1.35) | 3.46 (1.27) | 3.47 (1.35) | 0.96 | 0.87 | 0.70/0.71 |
| 7. I think that I cannot change anything about it (20) | 3.13 (1.43) | 2.91 (1.34) | 3.13 (1.43) | 0.87 | −0.10 | 0.66/0.65 |
| 8. I think that I must learn to live with it (29) | 3.80 (1.30) | 3.51 (1.33) | 3.80 (1.29) | 0.91 | 0.61 | 0.69/0.61 |
| Rumination (α = 0.84) | ||||||
| 9. I often think about how I feel about what I have experienced (3) | 3.23 (1.35) | 2.97 (1.32) | 3.23 (1.34) | 0.80 | 0.71 | 0.75/0.66 |
| 10. I am preoccupied with what I think and feel about what I have experienced (12) | 3.19 (1.41) | 3.21 (1.35) | 3.19 (1.40) | 0.82 | 0.74 | 0.77/0.74 |
| 11. I want to understand why I feel the way I do about what I have experienced (21) | 3.23 (1.40) | 3.24 (1.43) | 3.23 (1.39) | 0.70 | 0.52 | 0.66/0.69 |
| 12. I dwell upon the feelings the situation has evoked in me (30) | 3.36 (1.40) | 3.25 (1.42) | 3.36 (1.40) | 0.88 | 0.75 | 0.68/0.77 |
| Positive refocusing (α = 0.93) | ||||||
| 13. I think of nicer things than what I have experienced (4) | 2.61 (1.40) | 2.83 (1.23) | 2.61 (1.40) | 0.86 | 0.83 | 0.76/0.79 |
| 14. I think of pleasant things that have nothing to do with it (13) | 2.60 (1.48) | 2.94 (1.42) | 2.60 (1.47) | 0.95 | 0.86 | 0.85/0.87 |
| 15. I think of something nice instead of what has happened (22) | 2.27 (1.28) | 2.46 (1.23) | 2.27 (1.27) | 0.93 | 0.85 | 0.83/0.80 |
| 16. I think about pleasant experiences (31) | 2.40 (1.34) | 2.82 (1.36) | 2.40 (1.33) | 0.95 | 0.91 | 0.67/0.74 |
| Refocus on planning (α = 0.83) | ||||||
| 17. I think of what I can do best (5) | 3.37 (1.26) | 3.46 (1.24) | 3.37 (1.25) | 0.76 | 0.72 | 0.69/0.81 |
| 18. I think about how I can best cope with the situation (14) | 3.30 (1.24) | 3.45 (1.08) | 3.30 (1.23) | 0.84 | 0.84 | 0.75/0.80 |
| 19. I think about how to change the situation (23) | 3.23 (1.31) | 3.15 (1.28) | 3.23 (1.30) | 0.75 | 0.71 | 0.74/0.71 |
| 20. I think about a plan of what I can do best (32) | 3.12 (1.37) | 3.08 (1.28) | 3.12 (1.37) | 0.82 | 0.81 | 0.78/0.77 |
| Positive reappraisal (α = 0.80) | ||||||
| 21. I think I can learn something from the situation (6) | 3.10 (1.41) | 2.89 (1.30) | 3.10 (1.40) | 0.74 | 0.83 | 0.67/0.72 |
| 22. I think that I can become a stronger person as a result of what has happened (15) | 2.74 (1.44) | 2.65 (1.36) | 2.74 (1.44) | 0.71 | 0.81 | 0.59/0.59 |
| 23. I think that the situation also has its positive sides (24) | 2.65 (1.44) | 2.46 (1.41) | 2.65 (1.44) | 0.78 | 0.79 | 0.64/0.52 |
| 24. I look for the positive sides to the matter (33) | 2.85 (1.47) | 2.63 (1.40) | 2.85 (1.46) | 0.86 | 0.94 | 0.73/0.70 |
| Putting into perspective (α = 0.79) | ||||||
| 25. I think that it all could have been much worse (7) | 3.10 (1.36) | 2.89 (1.35) | 3.10 (1.35) | 0.59 | 0.68 | 0.62/0.60 |
| 26. I think that other people go through much worse experiences (16) | 3.64 (1.37) | 3.14 (1.42) | 3.64 (1.36) | 0.82 | 0.80 | 0.77/0.79 |
| 27. I think that it hasn't been too bad compared to other things (25) | 2.96 (1.31) | 2.91 (1.26) | 2.96 (1.31) | 0.82 | 0.87 | 0.68/0.79 |
| 28. I tell myself that there are worse things in life (34) | 3.48 (1.37) | 3.24 (1.34) | 3.48 (1.37) | 0.80 | 0.81 | 0.70/0.80 |
| Catastrophizing (α = 0.82) | ||||||
| 29. I often think that what I have experienced is much worse than what others have experienced (8) | 2.16 (1.27) | 2.03 (1.08) | 2.16 (1.26) | 0.55 | 0.46 | 0.75/0.34 |
| 30. I keep thinking about how terrible it is what I have experienced (17) | 2.39 (1.30) | 2.30 (1.19) | 2.39 (1.30) | 0.85 | 0.87 | 0.64/0.75 |
| 31. I often think that what I have experienced is the worst that can happen to a person (26) | 2.07 (1.26) | 1.86 (1.14) | 2.07 (1.26) | 0.79 | 0.63 | 0.70/0.80 |
| 32. I continually think how horrible the situation has been (35) | 2.42 (1.32) | 2.13 (1.13) | 2.42 (1.31) | 0.91 | 0.81 | 0.59/0.78 |
| Other-blame (α = 0.92) | ||||||
| 33. I feel that others are to blame for it (9) | 1.77 (1.24) | 1.51 (0.95) | 1.77 (1.24) | 0.93 | 0.81 | 0.75/0.71 |
| 34. I feel that others are responsible for what has happened (18) | 1.80 (1.20) | 1.52 (0.89) | 1.80 (1.19) | 0.96 | 0.79 | 0.82/0.79 |
| 35. I think about the mistakes others have made in this matter (27) | 2.22 (1.31) | 1.81 (1.08) | 2.22 (1.30) | 0.87 | 0.50 | 0.72/0.72 |
| 36. I feel that basically the cause lies with others (36) | 1.82 (1.27) | 1.54 (1.00) | 1.82 (1.27) | 0.91 | 0.87 | 0.83/0.81 |
Original item numbering is presented between brackets. T1 = Time 1; T2 = Time 2.