Table 3.

Review of the literature

Case	Age, yr	Sex	Histology	Duration of NS, yr	Albumin, g/l	Proteinuria	Steroid use (Y/N)	Diuretic use (Y/N)	Presentation	Cerebral vascular territory involved	TOAST	Cardiovascular risk factors	Thrombophilia
1 (our case)	43	F	MN	3	13	0.828 g/mmol	Y	Y	Left hemiplegia and hemianesthesia, hemianopsia, heminegligence	Right MCA	LAA	Smoking, HT, DLP	Fg ↑
215	55	M	MN	0.125	12	18 g/24 h	Y	Y	Death	Multiple	Possibly CE	Mild ASO	Fg ↑
316	23	M	MCD	0	7	10 g/24 h	N	N	Left hemiplegia, lower left limb ischemia	Right MCA	LAA	Alcohol	Fg ↑, AT III ↓, prot C ↓
417	36	M	MPGN	0	24	11.4 g/24 h	N	N	Right hemiparesis and hemianesthesia, global aphasia, right hemianopsia	Left MCA	LAA	—	Fg ↑, prot S ↓
517	34	M	MN	0	27	6.6 g/24 h	N	N	Left hemiparesis and hemianesthesia, dysarthria, left homonymous inferior visual field deficit	Right MCA	LAA	Smoking, cocaine	Fg ↑
618	28	M	MN	6	16	7.9 g/24 h	Y	N	Right hemiparesis, headache	Left basal ganglia and internal capsule	LAA	Smoking	Fg ↑, AT III ↓
718	21	M	MCD	1.5	15	5.6 g/24 h	Y	N	Loss of consciousness, aphasia	Left MCA	CE	Smoking	AT III ↓, prot C ↓
819	20	M	MCD	18	14	>300 mg/dl	Y	N	Lethargy, left hemiparesia and hemianesthesis, hemineglect, left hemianopsia	Right MCA	LAA	—	Fg ↑, AT III ↓, prot S ↓
920	51	M	No biopsy	0	20	4.6 g/l	N	N	Headache	Right MCA	UND	Smoking	Fg ↑, ATII ↓
1021	37	F	MN	0	26	NR	N	N	Right hemiparesis, expressive aphasia, right upper extremity ischemia	Right MCA	LAA	Obesity, smoking, HT	Fg ↑, prot S ↓
1122	39	F	MPGN	2	20	3.4 g/24 h	Y	Y	Left hemiparesis, dysarthria	Periventrical area of the right frontal lobe	UND	—	N Fg, prot S ↓
1223	29	F	MPGN	15	32	2.2 g/24 h	N	N	Left hemiparesis and hemianesthesia, aphasia	Right MCA, watershed right ACA-MCA	LAA	HT, DLP	Fg ↑
1324	36	F	Db	NR	11	2.8 g/24 h	NR	NR	Convulsions, left hemiplegia	Multiple	CE	Db	AT III ↓
1425	59	M	MN	0.038	17	12.0 g/24 h	Y	N	Convulsions	Bilateral occipital lobes	LAA	—	AT III ↓,
1526	35	F	IgA	5	11	6.8 g/24 h	N	N	Right hemiparesis, dysarthria, dysphagia	Left MCA	Possibly CE	—	AT III ↓, prot C ↓
1627	53	M	FSGS	0.0625	12	7.8 g/24 h	Y	Y	Left hemiparesis, left hemianesthesia,	Right MCA	LAA	Smoking, ROH, cirrhosis	Prot S ↓
1728	28	F	No biopsy	0	26	3.5 g/24 h	N	N	Right hemiparesis,	Left MCA	UND	Smoking	—
1829	61	M	MN	0	25	3.9 g/24 h	N	N	Left hemianesthesia	None identified on imaging	TIA	HT	—
1930	72	M	LCDD	0	18	12.0 g/24 h	N	Y	Right hemiparesis, expressive aphasia	Left frontal lobe	UND	—	—
2031	68	M	MCD	0	16	14.0 g/24 h	N	N	Left hemiparesis, left paresthesia, aphasia	Right MCA and PCA	Possibly CE	HT	—
2123	71	M	MN	0	20	21.0 g/24 h	Y	N	Aphasia, right facial paralysis	Multiple	SAO	HT	Fg ↑, AT III ↓, prot S ↓
2233	35	M	MN	0	18	7.5 g/g	N	N	Right hemiparesis, dysarthria	Left MCA	LAA	Smoking	Fg ↑

ACA, anterior cerebral artery; ASO, antistreptolysin O; AT III, antithrombin III; CE, cardioembolic; Db, diabetic nephropathy; DLP, dyslipidemia; DLPx, F, female; Fg, fibrinogen; FSGS, focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis; HT, hypertension; LAA, large artery atherosclerosis; LCDD, light chain deposition disease; M, male; MCA, middle cerebral artery; MCD, minimal changes disease; MN, membranous nephropathy; MPGN, membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis; N, no; NI, not thoroughly investigated; NR, not reported; NS, nephrotic syndrome; PCA, posterior cerebral artery; prot C, protein C; prot S, protein S; ROH, SAO, small artery occlusion; TIA, transient ischemic attack; TOAST, Trial of Org 101172 in Acute Stroke TreatmenT; UND, undetermined; Y, yes.