Table 2.
Summary of Pediatric Research Studying Novel chronic kidney disease (CKD) Biomarkers
| Biomarker | Sample Source | Author, Year | Study type | Number of Patients (controls) | Mean Age (years) | Type of Kidney Disease | Study Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NGAL | Urine | Brunner et al., 2006 | Cross-sectional | 43 (8) | 11.6 | SLE | Increased NGAL was associated with biopsy-proven SLE |
| Urine | Trachtman et al. 2006 | Prospective Cohort | 34 | 5.9 | HUS | High NGAL was associated with a need for acute dialysis | |
| IL-18 | Urine | Zubowska et al. 2013 | Cross-sectional | 85 | 8.8 | Postchemotherapy nephropathy | IL-18 was associated with nephropathy* |
| KIM-1 | Urine | Bienias et al. 2015 | Cross-sectional | 59 (20) | 13 | Nephrotic syndrome | KIM-1 was higher in patients with nephrotic syndrome |
| Urine | Ucaturk et al. 2016 | Cross-sectional | 120 (60) | 13 | Type 1 Diabetes | KIM-1 was high in normoalbuminuric patients with DM1 | |
| EGF | Urine | Tsau et al. 1998 | Cross-sectional | 42 (12) | 12.0 | CKD | EGF is correlated with GFR in pediatric CKD |
| MMP-9 | Urine | Korzeniecka-Kozerska et al. 2013 | Cross-sectional | 36 (16) | 9 | FSGS vs. MCNS | MMP-9 was higher in FSGS than MCNS |
| Blood | Musial et al. 2011 | Cross-sectional | 61 (24) | 10.5 | CKD | MMP9 was higher in children with CKD | |
| PIIINP | Urine | Jianguo et al. 2014 | Cross-sectional | 59 (30) | 5.4 | UPJ Obstruction | PIIINP is directly correlated with worsening obstruction |
| MCP-1 | Urine | Vianna et al. 2013 | Cross-sectional | 79 (37) | 12 | CKD | MCP-1 was higher in CKD patients |
| Urine | Ghobrial et al. 2015 | Cross-sectional | 75 (15) | 9.8 | SLE | MCP-1 was higher in active vs inactive SLE | |
| TGF-β1 | Urine | Woroniecki et al. 2008 | Cross-sectional | 36 (12) | 13.1 | FSGS vs. MCNS | TGF-β1 was higher in FSGS than MCNS |
| Urine | Zieg et al. 2011 | Cross-sectional | 51 (21) | 1.0 | Obstructive uropathy | TGF-β1 was higher in obstructive uropathy than non-obstructive uropathy | |
| BMP-7 | Blood | Musial et al. 2008 | Cross-sectional | 30 (12) | NA | CKD | BMP-7 was higher in CKD patients |
| TNFR 1/2 | Blood | Jutley et al. 2000 | Cross-sectional | 29 (14) | NA | Reflux nephropathy | TNFR1 was higher in reflux nephropathy |
| suPAR | Blood | Wei et al. 2012 | Cross-sectional | 70 (150) | 17.9 | FSGS | suPAR was higher in patients with FSGS and a decrease in suPAR was associated with remission |
| Blood | Gellerman et al. 2014 | Prospective Cohort | 60 | 9 | Minimal Change Disease | MMF and CSA modulate suPAR levels |
Abbreviations: SLE, Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, HUS, Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome, *, GFR < 75 mL/min/1.73 m2, microalbuminuria > 15 micrograms/min, or proteinuria (>0.15 g/24 h), MCNS, minimal chance nephrotic syndrome, FSGS, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, UPJ, ureteropelvic junction, NA, not available, MMF, mycophenolate mofetil, CSA, cyclosporine