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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 Dec 18.
Published in final edited form as: Curr Opin Pharmacol. 2013 Jun 28;13(4):582–587. doi: 10.1016/j.coph.2013.06.002

Figure 1. General scheme for TLR-dependent regulation of gene expression.

Figure 1

TLR dimers or heterodimers are activated by ‘danger’ (e.g., products of tissue injury) or ‘stranger’ (e.g., components of bacteria or viruses) signals. The liganded receptors couple to Myd88 and/or TRIF-dependent signal transduction pathways that function to activate latent transcription factors such as NFkB, AP-1 and interferon regulatory factors (IRFs). Upon activation, these factors bind to regulatory elements in target genes and positively regulate gene expression.