Table 4.
The Association of Gender and Symptoms
| Study | Study Design | Significant Association with Sex and AF Symptoms (p<0.05) | Measurement Tool | Other Variables in Analysis | Women Were More Symptomatic |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Boriani (2015)(57) | Prospective cohort, n=3119, 60% Male | Yes | EHRA | Age, previous myocardial infarction | Yes |
| Clair (1993)(59) | Prospective cohort, N=150, 53% Male | No | Patient report | Age | |
| Golwala (2016)(7) | Prospective cohort, N=9542 | Yes | EHRA, AFEQT | Not specified | Yes |
| Henry (2013)(58) | Prospective cohort, N=540, 66% Male | Yes | SCL | Age, left atrial size, duration of AF (months), coronary artery bypass graft surgery, valve surgery, CHF, EuroSCORE | Yes |
| Manganiello (2014)(42) | Prospective cohort, N=113, 78% Male | No | Symptom diary | Univariate comparisons | |
| Kang (2006)(60) | Prospective cohort, n=81, 51% Male | No | SCL | Not specified | |
| Kupper (2013)(32) | Prospective cohort, N=52, 61% Male | No | ATSSS | Age, emotional distress, cardiac disease, BMI, physical activity | |
| Patel (2014)(31) | Prospective cohort, N=286, 65% Male | Yes | AFSS | Age, comorbidities, heart rate, AF characteristics, PVC and PAC burden | Yes |
| Rienstra (2005)(26) | Randomized control trial, N=522, 63% Male | Yes | Report of: Palpitations, dyspnea, or fatigue | Age, underlying heart disease, DM, left ventricular function | Yes |
| Sears (2005)(27) | Prospective cohort, N=96, 72% Male | No | ATSSS | Age, AF characteristics, negative emotion | |
| Vermond (2014)(11) | Post hoc analysis, N=558, 67% Male | Yes | AFSS | Not specified | Yes |
| Siontis, 2016(35) | Retrospective evaluation, N=476, 53% Male | Yes | Not specified | Age, CHADS score, comorbidities | Yes |
Abbreviations: EHRA, European Heart Rhythm Association score of AF-related symptoms; AFEQT, Atrial Fibrillation Effect on Quality of Life; SCL, Symptom Checklist; ATSSS, The Atrial Tachyarrhythmia Symptom Severity Scale; BMI, Body Mass Index; PVC, Premature ventricular contractions; PAC, Premature atrial contractions; DM, Diabetes Mellitus