Table 2.
Therapeutics by disease state with evidence
| Treatment | Study authors/registration name and number on clinicaltrials.gov | Results of study |
|---|---|---|
| Sepsis | ||
| Alkaline phosphatase | Heemskerk et al.4 | Improvement in serum creatinine compared with placebo in gram-negative sepsis |
| Alkaline phosphatase | Pickkers et al.5 | Lower serum creatinine and inflammatory markers in patients with sepsis |
| Alkaline phosphatase | Safety, Tolerability, Efficacy and QoL Study of Human recAP in the Treatment of Patients With SA-AKI (STOP-AKI) (NCT02182440) in progress | Evaluating safety, efficacy, and optimum dosage of ALP in patients with AKI from sepsis |
| Hypoperfusion/shock | ||
| Angiotensin | Angiotensin in Septic Kidney Injury Trial (ASK-IT) (NCT00711789) in progress | Evaluating effect of angiotensin on hemodynamics and urine output in septic shock |
| Angiotensin | Khanna et al.64 | Evaluated angiotensin as a vasopressor for catecholamine-resistant hypotension; AKI as exploratory endpoint |
| Contrast-induced nephropathy | ||
| Adenosine antagonists | Bagshaw and Ghali6 | Theophylline reduced risk of CIN |
| Adenosine antagonists | Dai et al.7 | Theophylline reduced risk of CIN |
| Adenosine antagonists | NCT01469624 in progress | Evaluating effect of pentoxifylline on CIN |
| Alpha-lipoic acid | Jo et al.8 | Older patients (age >70 yr), higher contrast load, “high-risk group” had decreased incidence of AKI |
| MENSA | Ludwig et al.9 | Pretreatment with MESNA decreased risk of CIN |
| Renal transplantation | ||
| Alpha-lipoic acid | Ambrosi et al.10 | Fewer inflammatory markers for kidney-pancreas transplant recipients if given to both donors and recipients |
| Propofol | NCT01132157 in progress | Evaluating incidence of ischemic−reperfusion kidney injury using desflurane versus propofol in renal transplant patients |
| Propofol | NCT01870011 in progress | Evaluating incidence of ischemic−reperfusion kidney injury using desflurane versus propofol in renal transplant patients |
| I5NP | NCT00802347 in progress | Evaluating safety, maximum-tolerated dose, and amelioration of delayed graft function of I5NP in renal transplant patients |
| Drug-induced AIN | ||
| Selenium | Ghorbani et al.11 | Decreased incidence of AKI for cancer patients treated with cisplatin |
| Dipeptidylpeptidase-4 Inhibitors | NCT02250872 in progress | Evaluating effect of DPP-4 inhibitors on AKI due to cisplatin |
| Postoperative (nonrenal transplant) | ||
| Selenium | SodiUm SeleniTe Adminstration IN Cardiac Surgery (SUSTAIN CSX-Trial; SUSTAINCSX) (NCT02002247) in progress | Evaluating effects of selenium on organ dysfunction and mortality in patients undergoing high-risk cardiac surgery |
| Propofol | Yoo et al.12 | Lower serum renal biomarkers and lower hospital length of stay compared with sevoflurane for patients receiving valvular surgery |
| Propofol | Bang et al.13 | Decreased incidence of AKI and shorter ICU stay compared with sevoflurane in colorectal surgery patients |
| Propofol | Ammar et al.14 | Decreased incidence of AKI and serum renal biomarkers compared to sevoflurane in AAA repair patients |
| Propofol | NCT02009280 in progress | Evaluating the incidence of AKI when using propofol in lung transplant patients on ECMO |
| Propofol | NCT01384643 in progress | Evaluating ability of propofol to reduce ischemic−reperfusion kidney injury in valvular surgery patients |
| Circumin | NCT01225094 in progress | Evaluating prevention of AKI in AAA repair patients |
| I5NP | NCT00554359 in progress | Evaluating safety and pharmacokinetics of I5NP in patients undergoing cardiovascular surgery who are at high risk of AKI |
| Diabetic nephropathy | ||
| Circumin | Yang et al.110 | Decreased microalbuminuria and serum inflammatory markers in patients with type 2 diabetes |
| DPP-4 inhibitors | Shih et al.15 | Patients with type 2 diabetes who were hospitalized for AKI were more likely to be on DPP-4 inhibitors |
| DPP-4 inhibitors | Kawasaki et al.16 | Sitagliptin decreased eGFR in type 2 diabetes patients |
| DPP-4 inhibitors | Scirica et al.17 | Saxagliptin decreased eGFR compared with placebo in patients with type 2 diabetes |
| DPP-4 inhibitors | Pendergrass et al.18 | No association between sitagliptin and renal failure |
| DPP-4 inhibitors | Trial Evaluating Cardiovascular Outcomes with Sitagliptin (TECOS) | No association between sitagliptin and renal failure |
| Miscellaneous | ||
| Adenosine antagonists | Pharmacology of Aminophylline for Acute Kidney Injury in Neonates (PAANS) trial (NCT02276170) in progress | Evaluating aminophylline as treatment for AKI in neonates (excluding congenital defects) |
| Propofol | Leite et al.19 | Decreased need for renal replacement therapy and mortality compared with midazolam in critical care patients |
| Circumin | Khajehdehi et al.20 | Decreased microalbuminuria and serum inflammatory markers in patients with SLE |
| Propofol | Feng et al.21 | Decreased rates of apoptosis and increased proliferation in renal tubule epithelial cells exposed to anoxia |
AAA, abdominal aortic aneurysm; AIN, acute interstitial nephritis; ALP, alkaline phosphatase; AKI, acute kidney injury; CIN, contrast-induced nephropathy; DPP, dipeptidylpeptidase; ECMO, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate MESNA, sodium 2-mercaptoethane sulfonate.