Table 1.
Participant characteristics (n = 1078). Data shown are means (standard deviation) unless otherwise indicated.
| Child characteristics | |
| Sex, n(%) | |
| Male | 545 (50.6) |
| Female | 533 (49.4) |
| Race/ethnicity, n(%) | |
| Black | 173 (16.1) |
| Hispanic | 48 (4.5) |
| Asian | 34 (3.2) |
| White | 696 (64.6) |
| Other | 126 (11.7) |
| Mid-childhood visit | |
| Age, years | 7.9 (0.8) |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 17.2 (2.9) |
| BMI z-score | 0.40 (0.99) |
| Waist circumference, cm | 59.8 (8.1) |
| SS + TR, mm | 19.7 (9.6) |
| DXA total fat, % | 24.5 (6.3) |
| DXA FMI, kg/m2 | 4.4 (1.9) |
| DXA FFMI, kg/m2 | 13.0 (1.4) |
| DXA trunk FMI, kg/m2 | 1.5 (0.8) |
| Leptin, ng/mL | 6.0 (7.3) |
| Adiponectin, μg/mL | 15.2 (8.0) |
| Cholesterol, mg/dL | 160.0 (27.1) |
| HDL cholesterol, mg/dL | 57.1 (13.6) |
| Triglycerides, mg/dL | 57.7 (23.9) |
| Glucose, mg/dL | 95.5 (15.3) |
| Insulin, uU/ml | 7.9 (6.5) |
| HOMA-IR | 1.9 (1.8) |
| hsCRP, mg/L | 1.0 (3.0) |
| Metabolic risk, z-score | −0.00 (0.60) |
| Early teen visit | |
| Age, years | 13.2 (0.9) |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 20.9 (4.6) |
| BMI z-score | 0.38 (1.06) |
| Waist circumference, cm | 73.2 (11.6) |
| SS + TR, mm | 28.2 (13.7) |
| DXA total fat, % | 28.6 (7.6) |
| DXA FMI, kg/m2 | 6.3 (3.1) |
| DXA FFMI, kg/m2 | 14.9 (2.1) |
| DXA trunk FMI, kg/m2 | 2.4 (1.5) |
| Leptin, ng/mL | 12.0 (14.2) |
| Adiponectin, μg/mL | 6.4 (2.8) |
| Cholesterol, mg/dL | 156.1 (29.1) |
| HDL cholesterol, mg/dL | 55.0 (13.5) |
| Triglycerides, mg/dL | 70.9 (34.1) |
| Glucose, mg/dL | 93.1 (22.9) |
| HOMA-IR | 3.3 (2.4) |
| hsCRP, mg/L | 0.9 (2.1) |
| Metabolic risk, z-score | 0.00 (0.63) |
| C-peptide, ng/mL | 2.2 (1.1) |
| Sugar sweetened beverage (SSB) intake, serv/d | 0.8 (0.9) |
| Fast food intake, serv/d | 0.7 (1.1) |
| TV, h/d | 2.0 (1.4) |
| Child snoring (~9 y) | |
| Snoring, n(%) | |
| Never | 418 (50.2) |
| Rarely | 242 (29.1) |
| Sometimes | 139 (16.7) |
| Often | 33 (4.0) |
| Loud snoring, n(%) | |
| Never | 694 (83.0) |
| Rarely | 98 (11.7) |
| Sometimes | 35 (4.2) |
| Often | 9 (1.1) |
| Stop breathing or gasping for breath, n(%) | |
| Never | 792 (97.9) |
| Rarely | 14 (1.7) |
| Sometimes | 2 (0.2) |
| Often | 1 (0.1) |
| Maternal covariates | |
| Maternal age, years | 32.3 (5.0) |
| Pre-pregnancy BMI, kg/m2 | 24.7 (5.1) |
| Pregnancy weight gain, kg | 15.5 (5.3) |
| GDM, n(%) | |
| No | 1015 (95.3) |
| Yes | 50 (4.7) |
| College graduate, n(%) | |
| No | 303 (28.2) |
| Yes | 772 (71.8) |
| Pregnancy smoking status, n(%) | |
| Never | 765 (71.2) |
| Former | 215 (20.0) |
| During pregnancy | 95 (8.8) |
| Maternal snoring | |
| Maternal snoring, n(%) | |
| Almost never | 393 (50.3) |
| Occasionally | 236 (30.2) |
| A few nights a week | 55 (7.0) |
| Most nights | 62 (7.9) |
| Every night | 36 (4.6) |
| Mom snoring early teen visit, n(%) | |
| Almost never | 401 (47.1) |
| Occasionally | 186 (21.9) |
| A few nights a week | 78 (9.2) |
| Most nights | 95 (11.2) |
| Every night | 91 (10.7) |
| Early teen snoring | |
| Snoring, n(%) | |
| Never | 449 (47.8) |
| Rarely | 256 (27.2) |
| Sometimes | 189 (20.1) |
| Often | 46 (4.9) |
| Loud snoring, n(%) | |
| Never | 782 (80.4) |
| Rarely | 126 (12.9) |
| Sometimes | 47 (4.8) |
| Often | 18 (1.8) |
| Stop breathing or gasping for breath, n(%) | |
| Never | 890 (96.7) |
| Rarely | 21 (2.3) |
| Sometimes | 7 (0.8) |
| Often | 2 (0.2) |
| Daytime sleepiness, n(%) | |
| Never | 449 (42.1) |
| Rarely | 421 (39.5) |
| Sometimes | 172 (16.1) |
| Often | 25 (2.3) |
| Child’s sleep duration, h/d | 8.7 (1.0) |
hsCRP, high sensitivity c-reactive protein; DXA, dual energy X-ray absorptiometry; FMI, fat mass index; FFMI, fat free mass index; HOMA-IR, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance; HDL, high density lipoprotein; SS + TR, subscapular and triceps skinfold.