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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 Nov 1.
Published in final edited form as: Metabolism. 2017 Jun 29;76:70–80. doi: 10.1016/j.metabol.2017.06.008

Table 3.

Cross-sectional associations of mother snoring a and offspring cardiometabolic risk markers at the early teen visit.

Offspring outcomes Model 1 Model 2 Model 3
β (95% CI) p-Value β (95% CI) p-Value β (95% CI) p-Value
BMI, kg/m2 0.43 (0.22, 0.64) <0.0001 −0.12 (−0.31, 0.08) 0.25 −0.12 (−0.32, 0.08) 0.26
BMI z-score 0.08 (0.03, 0.13) 0.002 −0.04 (−0.09, 0.01) 0.13 −0.04 (−0.09, 0.01) 0.15
Waist circumference, cm 0.91 (0.37, 1.45) 0.001 −0.38 (−0.90, 0.15) 0.16 −0.42 (−0.95, 0.11) 0.12
SS + TR, mm 1.18 (0.53, 1.83) 0.0004 −0.31 (−0.95, 0.33) 0.34 −0.26 (−0.90, 0.39) 0.44
DXA total fat, % 0.40 (−0.03, 0.83) 0.07 −0.27 (−0.71, 0.16) 0.22 −0.21 (−0.65, 0.24) 0.36
DXA FMI, kg/m2 0.29 (0.11, 0.46) 0.001 −0.05 (−0.22, 0.11) 0.52 −0.04 (−0.21, 0.13) 0.64
DXA FFMI, kg/m2 0.27 (0.15, 0.38) <0.0001 0.03 (−0.08, 0.15) 0.54 0.03 (−0.09, 0.14) 0.65
DXA trunk FMI, kg/m2 0.15 (0.07, 0.23) 0.0003 −0.01 (−0.09, 0.07) 0.79 −0.01 (−0.09, 0.07) 0.89
Leptin, ng/mL 0.94 (0.17, 1.71) 0.02 −0.17 (−0.97, 0.62) 0.66 −0.16 (−0.97, 0.64) 0.69
Adiponectin, μg/mL −0.02 (−0.19, 0.14) 0.79 0.15 (−0.03, 0.33) 0.10 0.15 (−0.03, 0.33) 0.10
Cholesterol, mg/dL −0.64 (−2.39, 1.11) 0.47 −0.69 (−2.60, 1.22) 0.48 −1.21 (−3.17, 0.74) 0.22
HDL cholesterol, mg/dL −0.45 (−1.22, 0.32) 0.25 −0.06 (−0.90, 0.77) 0.88 0.00 (−0.85, 0.86) 1.00
Triglycerides, mg/dL 0.37 (−1.59, 2.33) 0.71 0.23 (−1.89, 2.35) 0.83 0.05 (−2.09, 2.19) 0.96
Glucose, mg/dL 1.45 (−0.07, 2.96) 0.06 0.50 (−0.58, 1.58) 0.36 0.60 (−0.50, 1.70) 0.29
HOMA-IR 0.27 (0.13, 0.42) 0.0002 0.10 (−0.04, 0.23) 0.18 0.11 (−0.03, 0.25) 0.14
hsCRP, mg/L (log transformed) 0.02 (−0.05, 0.09) 0.55 −0.05 (−0.13, 0.02) 0.17 −0.06 (−0.13, 0.02) 0.17
Metabolic risk, z-score 0.04 (0.00, 0.08) 0.06 −0.01 (−0.05, 0.03) 0.72 −0.01 (−0.05, 0.03) 0.58

Model 1. Adjusted for child age and sex.

Model 2. Model 1 + maternal age, education, pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI), pregnancy weight gain, gestational diabetes and smoking during pregnancy and child race/ethnicity.

Model 3. Model 2 + child sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) and fast food intake and TV h/d.

hsCRP, high sensitivity c-reactive protein; DXA, dual energy X-ray absorptiometry; FMI, fat mass index; FFMI, fat free mass index; HOMA-IR, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance; HDL, high density lipoprotein; SS + TR, subscapular and triceps skinfold.

a

Snoring was treated as a continuous (ordinal) exposure with values ranging from 1 = almost never to 5 = every night.