Table 2.

Main characteristics of the relationship between CMV infection and steroid-resistant IBD

Study	Source of cases	Study design type	Disease type	Definition of disease	Detection of HCMV	HCMV+		HCMV−
						Steroid resistant/refractory	Total	Steroid resistant/refractory	Total
Lévêque et al,24 2010	France	Case	IBD	WHO	DNA	0	5	8	29
Domènech et al,13 2008	Spain	Case	UC	WHO	IgG	13	29	6	14
Iida et al,3 2013	Japan	Case	UC	WHO	IgG IgM	62	141	20	46
Wada et al,25 2003	Japan	Case	UC	WHO	pp65	13	16	9	31
Kambham et al,26 2004	USA	Case	UC	WHO	CMV inclusions IE	12	13	28	67
Maconi et al,27 2005	Italy	Case	UC	WHO	IE	15	17	40	60
Kuwabara et al,19 2007	Japan	Case	IBD	WHO	IE	13	14	2	8
Maher et al,28 2009	Egypt	Case	IBD	WHO	IgM IE	8	9	15	63
Criscuoli et al,29 2011	Italy	Case	UC	WHO	CMV inclusions IE DNA Pp65	6	28	11	57
Mccurdy et al,30 2015	USA	Case	IBD	WHO	CMV inclusions IE	40	68	61	202
Ciccocioppo et al,20 2015	Italy	Case	IBD	WHO	IE	4	9	13	31
Ciccocioppo et al,34 2016	Italy	Case	IBD	WHO	IE	25	51	0	13
Cottone et al,31 2001	Italy	Case	IBD	WHO	DNA	7	7	12	55
Criscuoli et al,31 2004	Italy	Case	IBD	WHO	pp65 DNA	4	9	8	33
Criscuoli et al,21 2015	Italy	Case	UC	WHO	CMV inclusions IE DNA pp65	5	11	7	13
Kim et al,35 2012	Korea	Case	UC	WHO	DNA	14	31	7	41
Ormeci et al,33 2016	Turkey	Case	IBD	WHO	DNA	8	13	5	72

Abbreviations: HCMV, human cytomegalovirus; IBD, inflammatory bowel disease; IE, immediate-early; CMV, cytomegalovirus; UC, ulcerative colitis; WHO, World Health Organization.