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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 Mar 10.

Published in final edited form as: Am J Health Educ. 2017 Mar 10;48(2):80–89. doi: 10.1080/19325037.2016.1271756

Table 4.

Results for 3-Level HLM Examining the Association between Binge Drinking and Student Characteristics

	Model 1 (Main Effect)			Model 2 (Variability)

	OR		CI	OR		CI
Student-level variables	0.77^***			0.77^***
Female			(0.716,0.825)			(0.716,0.824)
Black^a	0.63^***		(0.565,0.708)	0.63^***		(0.565,0.706)
Hispanic^a	0.85		(0.713,1.012)	0.85		(0.712,1.011)
Asian^a	0.58^***		(0.476,0.709)	0.58^***		(0.475,0.708)
Other^a	1.16^*		(1.013,1.327)	1.16^*		(1.012,1.327)
Upper grade^b	1.96^***		(1.830,2.107)	1.96^***		(1.830,2.108)
Alcohol access norm	0.69^***		(0.659,0.714)	0.69^***		(0.659,0.714)
Problem norm	1.27^***		(1.215,1.322)
Risky norm	0.67^***		(0.647,0.699)
Problem – Discrepancy^c				1.27^***		(1.215,1.322)
Risky – Discrepancy^c				0.67^***		(0.647,0.699)

School-level variables
FARMS	0.99^***		(0.988,0.996)	0.99^***		(0.988,0.995)
% Suspension	1.01^**		(1.003,1.011)	1.01^**		(1.003,1.011)
Total enrollment	1.00^*		(1.000,1.000)	1.00^*		(1.000,1.000)
Racial diversity	1.08		(0.681,1.724)	1.21		(0.700,1.804)
Problem – Mean	2.07^***		(1.581,2.719)	2.64^***		(1.989,3.512)
Risky – Mean	0.80		(0.489,1.314)	0.55^*		(0.303,0.984)
Problem – Variability				0.36		(0.017,7.756)
Risky – Variability				2.87		(0.061,134.713)

Random Effects	SD	VC	χ² (df)	SD	VC	χ² (df)
Level 1 and 2	.37	.14	1850.80^*** (1403)	.37	.14	1850.58^*** (1403)
Level 3	.14	.02	106.68^*** (51)	.14	.02	106.00^*** (49)

OR = Odds Ratio. CI = 95% Confidence Interval. SD = Standard Deviation. VC = Variance Component. d.f. = Degrees of Freedom.

^a

White is the reference group.

^b

Lower Grades (10^th and 9^th) are the reference group.

^c

Variable was created by subtracting student score from their school mean.

^*

p ≤ .05,

^**

p ≤ .01,

^***

p ≤ .001