Table 3.
Effectiveness of intervention on physical activity and dietary behaviour among South Asians at risk for diabetes
| Changes in intervention group, n=165 | Changes in control group, n=149 | p Value | ||||
| At T1*† | At T2* | At T1*† | At T2* | T2‡ | ||
| Physical activity | Any moderate-to-vigorous activity | |||||
| Participants with positive change (%) | 22 (17.1) | 20 (13.4) | 18 (14.9) | 21 (12.7) | 0.630 | |
| Participants with negative change (%) | 9 (7) | 10 (6.7) | 11 (9.1) | 16 (9.7) | ||
| Mean moderate-to-vigorous activity (min/week) | 163.1 (21.5 to 304.7) | 142.9 (−5.26 to 291.0) | −34.3 (−189.6 to 120.9) | 0.5 (−149.5 to 150.6) | 0.672 | |
| Mean total activity (min/week) | 83.1 (−82.9 to 249.2) | −9.3 (−177.2 to 158.4) | −174.8 (−383.2 to 33.5)¶ | 2.9 (−197.9 to 203.7) | 0.297 | |
| Dietary intake§ | Fruit: 2 pieces/day (%) | |||||
| Participants with positive change (%) | 20 (15.9) | 28 (17.1) | 16 (13.3) | 30 (20.3) | 0.680 | |
| Participants with negative change (%) | 21 (16.7) | 19 (11.6) | 13 (10.8) | 14 (9.5) | ||
| Vegetables: 200 g/day (%) | ||||||
| Participants with positive change (%) | 12 (9.3) | 20 (12.1) | 19 (15.8) | 19 (12.8) | 0.787 | |
| Participants with negative change (%) | 17 (13.2) | 17 (10.3) | 14 (11.7) | 12 (8.1) | ||
| Whole wheat: almost exclusively (%) | ||||||
| Participants with positive change (%) | 8 (6.2) | 25 (15.2) | 14 (11.7) | 20 (13.4) | 0.667 | |
| Participants with negative change (%) | 7 (5.4) | 7 (4.2) | 11 (9.2) | 4 (2.7) | ||
| Meal pattern: 3 meals/day at a regular times (%) | ||||||
| Participants with positive change (%) | 22 (17.3) | 32 (19.5) | 19 (16.0) | 26 (17.6) | 0.329 | |
| Participants with negative change (%) | 12 (9.4) | 11 (6.7) | 7 (5.9) | 17 (11.5) | ||
| Brown rice: almost exclusively (%) | ||||||
| Participants with positive change (%) | 10 (7.8) | 12 (7.3) | 6 (5.0) | 19 (12.8) | 0.264 | |
| Participants with negative change (%) | 7 (5.5) | 6 (3.7) | 5 (4.3) | 6 (4.0) | ||
*Changes from T0 to T1 and T0 to T2 are described as number (percentage of total population) with a positive change (eg, from non-adherent to adherent to the guideline for fruit intake) or a negative change (eg, from a regular to an irregular meal pattern) at 1 and 2 years. The remaining participants had not changed their dietary intake or physical activity. For continuous measures, a mean change (95% CI) is given.
†Of the 314 participants with a measurement at baseline and at 2-year follow-up, 279 also attended the measurement at 1-year follow-up (148 in the intervention group and 131 in the control group).
‡p Value for the intention-to-treat analysis of the difference in changes from T0 to T2 between the two groups.
§Derived from the national guidelines for diet (30), with the exception of rice for which no guideline has been established.
¶p = 0.036.
T0, baseline measurement; T1, measurement after 1 year; T2, measurement after 2 years.