Table 2.
Relative probability of recovery from chronic low back pain at 11-year follow-up according to number of chronic pain sites, pain-related disability, the HADS score and self-rated general health at HUNT2
| Women | Men | |||||||
| No of persons | No of cases | Crude RR | Multi adjusted* RR (95% CI) | No of persons | No of cases | Crude RR | Multi adjusted* RR (95% CI) | |
| No of pain sites | ||||||||
| 1 | 326 | 189 | 1.13 | 1.10 (0.98 to 1.22) | 454 | 284 | 1.11 | 1.10 (1.01 to 1.21) |
| 2–3 | 1180 | 608 | 1.00 | 1.00 (reference) | 1151 | 651 | 1.00 | 1.00 (reference) |
| 4–5 | 1330 | 557 | 0.81 | 0.83 (0.76 to 0.90) | 873 | 422 | 0.85 | 0.86 (0.79 to 0.94) |
| 6–9 | 1648 | 468 | 0.55 | 0.58 (0.52 to 0.63) | 561 | 221 | 0.70 | 0.70 (0.63 to 0.79) |
| Pain-related disability | ||||||||
| No disability | 649 | 355 | 1.00 | 1.00 (reference) | 487 | 304 | 1.00 | 1.00 (reference) |
| Work disability | 591 | 271 | 0.84 | 0.87 (0.78 to 0.98) | 430 | 249 | 0.93 | 0.94 (0.85 to 1.05) |
| Leisure disability | 257 | 131 | 0.93 | 0.94 (0.82 to 1.08) | 250 | 143 | 0.92 | 0.90 (0.79 to 1.02) |
| Work and leisure disability | 2760 | 964 | 0.64 | 0.68 (0.62 to 0.74) | 1754 | 818 | 0.75 | 0.76 (0.70 to 0.83) |
| HADS | ||||||||
| No depression or anxiety | 2572 | 1103 | 1.00 | 1.00 (reference) | 2050 | 1110 | 1.00 | 1.00 (reference) |
| Depression | 252 | 90 | 0.83 | 0.90 (0.76 to 1.07) | 220 | 101 | 0.85 | 0.85 (0.73 to 0.99) |
| Anxiety | 574 | 215 | 0.87 | 0.88 (0.78 to 0.98) | 257 | 120 | 0.86 | 0.88 (0.77 to 1.01) |
| Depression and anxiety | 342 | 107 | 0.73 | 0.77 (0.66 to 0.91) | 195 | 80 | 0.76 | 0.79 (0.67 to 0.94) |
| Self-rated general health | ||||||||
| Very good/good | 2208 | 1099 | 1.00 | 1.00 (reference) | 1730 | 1017 | 1.00 | 1.00 (reference) |
| Poor/not so good | 2229 | 704 | 0.64 | 0.66 (0.61 to 0.71) | 1292 | 551 | 0.73 | 0.72 (0.67 to 0.78) |
*Adjusted for age (19–29, 30–39, 40–49, 50–59 and >60 years), education (primary school and lower secondary school, upper secondary school, higher education <4 years, higher education >4 years and unknown), body mass index (normal weight, overweight and obesity), physical activity (inactive, low activity, moderate activity, high activity and unknown), smoking (never-smoker, previous smoker, current smoker and unknown) and physical work demands (mostly sedentary, much walking, much walking and lifting, heavy physical work and unknown).
HADS, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; HUNT, Nord-Trøndelag Health Study; RR, risk ratio.