Table 1.
Characteristics of the study population at baseline overall and stratified by the onset of restricted mobility outside the home at 3-year follow-up
| Total | Onset of restriction | p Value | ||
| Yes | No | |||
| n=1802 | n=243 | n=1559 | ||
| % (n) | % (n) | % (n) | ||
| Walking disability | 18.2 (328) | 46.9 (114) | 13.7 (214) | <0.001 |
| Multimorbidity, ≥4 | 83.5 (1504) | 87.2 (212) | 82.9 (1292) | 0.088 |
| Anxiety | 25.7 (463) | 40.3 (98) | 23.4 (365) | <0.001 |
| Depression | 9.3 (167) | 19.8 (48) | 7.6 (119) | <0.001 |
| Pain | <0.001 | |||
| None/mild | 54.8 (988) | 36.6 (89) | 57.7 (899) | |
| Moderate/severe | 45.2 (814) | 63.4 (154) | 42.3 (660) | |
| Cognitive impairment | 39.7 (715) | 57.2 (139) | 37.0 (576) | <0.001 |
| BMI | 0.005 | |||
| Obese | 18.2 (328) | 25.1 (61) | 17.1 (267) | |
| Other | 79.4 (1431) | 71.6 (174) | 80.6 (1257) | |
| Unknown | 2.4 (43) | 3.3 (8) | 2.3 (35) | |
| Confounders | ||||
| Female | 56.4 (1193) | 59.3 (185) | 55.9 (1008) | 0.270 |
| Age, mean (SD) | 65.8 (8.9) | 69.9 (8.9) | 65.1 (7.7) | <0.001 |
| Occupational class | 0.001 | |||
| Managerial/professional | 23.3 (493) | 17.6 (55) | 24.3 (438) | |
| Semiroutine | 20.0 (423) | 20.8 (65) | 19.9 (358) | |
| Routine/manual | 51.8 (1096) | 52.9 (165) | 51.7 (931) | |
| Other | 4.8 (102) | 8.7 (27) | 4.2 (75) | |
| Full-time education | 15.6 (281) | 7.8 (19) | 16.8 (262) | 0.001 |
| Environmental barriers | ||||
| Hills and steep slopes | 12.5 (226) | 34.6 (84) | 9.1 (142) | <0.001 |
| Inaccessible public buildings | 4.1 (73) | 12.8 (31) | 2.7 (42) | <0.001 |
| Poor pavement condition | 6.4 (115) | 16.1 (39) | 4.9 (76) | <0.001 |
| Lack of access to parks | 3.4 (61) | 9.9 (24) | 2.4 (37) | <0.001 |
| Heavy traffic or speeding cars | 2.4 (44) | 6.6 (16) | 1.8 (28) | <0.001 |
| Adverse weather | 12.7 (228) | 33.7 (82) | 9.4 (146) | <0.001 |