Table 2.
Associations between morbidity, walking disability and environmental factors and the onset of participation restriction in mobility outside the home in older adults with osteoarthritis
| Crude | Associations adjusted for confounders* | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | Model 5 | Model 6 | Model 7 | |
| OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | |
| Walking disability | 5.6 (4.2 to 7.4) | 4.5 (3.4 to 6.1) | 3.3 (2.4 to 4.6) | 2.9 (2.0 to 4.0) | 3.2 (2.3 to 4.4) | 3.2 (2.3 to 4.5) | 3.2 (2.3 to 4.5) | 3.2 (2.3 to 4.5) | 3.1 (2.2 to 4.4) |
| Anxiety | 2.2 (1.7 to 2.9) | 2.5 (1.9 to 3.4) | 1.6 (1.1 to 2.3) | 1.7 (1.2 to 2.5) | 1.6 (1.1 to 2.3) | 1.6 (1.1 to 2.2) | 1.5 (1.1 to 2.2) | 1.6 (1.1 to 2.2) | 1.5 (1.0 to 2.1) |
| Depression | 3.0 (2.1 to 4.3) | 3.4 (2.3 to 5.0) | 1.6 (1.0 to 2.5) | 1.5 (0.9 to 2.3) | 1.5 (0.98 to 2.4) | 1.6 (1.0 to 2.5) | 1.5 (0.96 to 2.4) | 1.6 (1.0 to 2.5) | 1.5 (0.9 to 2.3) |
| Pain | |||||||||
| None/mild | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Moderate/severe | 2.4 (1.8 to 3.1) | 2.3 (1.8 to 3.1) | 1.3 (0.9 to 1.8) | 1.2 (0.9 to 1.7) | 1.3 (0.9 to 1.7) | 1.2 (0.9 to 1.7) | 1.3 (0.9 to 1.8) | 1.3 (0.9 to 1.8) | 1.2 (0.9 to 1.7) |
| Cognitive impairment | 2.3 (1.7 to 3.0) | 2.1 (1.6 to 2.8) | 1.5 (1.1 to 2.0) | 1.3 (0.98 to 1.9) | 1.4 (1.0 to 1.9) | 1.4 (1.0 to 2.0) | 1.5 (1.1 to 2.0) | 1.5 (1.1 to 2.0) | 1.4 (1.0 to 1.9) |
| BMI | |||||||||
| Obesity (BMI >30) | 1.7 (1.2 to 2.3) | 2.1 (1.5 to 3.0) | 1.5 (1.0 to 2.1) | 1.4 (0.99 to 2.1) | 1.5 (1.0 to 2.1) | 1.4 (0.99 to 2.1) | 1.5 (1.0 to 2.1) | 1.5 (1.0 to 2.1) | 1.4 (0.9 to 2.0) |
| Other | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Environmental barriers | |||||||||
| Hills and steep slopes | 5.3 (3.8 to 7.2) | 4.4 (3.2 to 6.1) | – | 3.3 (2.3 to 4.6) | – | – | – | – | – |
| Inaccessible public buildings | 5.3 (3.3 to 8.6) | 4.9 (3.0 to 8.2) | – | – | 3.2 (1.8 to 5.5) | – | – | – | – |
| Poor pavement condition | 3.7 (2.5 to 5.6) | 3.4 (2.2 to 5.2) | – | – | – | 2.4 (1.51 to 3.8) | – | – | – |
| Lack of access to parks | 4.5 (2.6 to 7.7) | 4.4 (2.5 to 7.6) | – | – | – | – | 2.8 (1.5 to 5.0) | – | – |
| Heavy traffic | 3.9 (2.1 to 7.2) | 4.2 (2.2 to 8.0) | – | – | – | – | – | 2.9 (1.4 to 5.8) | – |
| Adverse weather | 4.9 (3.6 to 6.8) | 4.4 (3.2 to 6.1) | – | – | – | – | – | – | 3.2 (2.2 to 4.5) |
| C-statistics | 0.779 | 0.809 | 0.786 | 0.789 | 0.784 | 0.783 | 0.804 |
Model 1 (health model): this is one multivariate model which presents the associations between each exposure and onset of restricted mobility outside the home, adjusted for all other exposure and confounders (age, gender and socioeconomic factors).
Models 2–7: each model is a multivariate model which includes the environmental factor, all morbidities, walking disability and confounders (age, gender and socioeconomic factors).
*The association between each exposure and the onset of restricted mobility outside the home, adjusted for confounders: age, gender and socioeconomic factors only.
BMI, body mass index.