Table 1.
Details of included population-based studies in reverse chronological order
| First author | Year | Country (region) | Population status | Population base | Study design/date | Full article | Verification of diagnosis | Risk rating |
| Takemura14 | 2004 | Japan (Kitakyushu) | Registry of 13 000 physically disabled persons | 342 | Lameness survey (postal questionnaire) |
Yes | Clinical investigation | Moderate |
| Tessema15 | 2001 | Ethiopia* (Gondar Zuria district) | General population (urban/rural) | 12 000 children aged 1–15 years | Lameness survey (house-to-house) July–August 1993 |
Yes | Clinical investigation | Low |
| Anand16 | 1998 | India* (Ballabgarh, Haryana) | General population (rural) | 28 464 children aged <15 years | Lameness survey (house-to-house) December 1996 |
Yes | Clinical and laboratory investigation | High |
| Srinivasa17 | 1997 | India* (Pondicherry) |
General population (urban/rural) |
Approx. 11 000 children aged <60 months | Lameness survey (house-to-house) January–February of each year between 1989 and 1991 |
Yes | Clinical investigation | Moderate |
| Ahlström18 | 1993 | Sweden (Orebro) |
General population (urban/rural) | 269 341 | Multiple sources (hospital, outpatient, institutional, insurance, medical records) 1 January 1988 |
Yes | Search of clinical records | Low |
| Soudarssanane19 | 1993 | India* (Pondicherry) |
General population | 47 960 children aged 0–6 years | Lameness survey (house-to-house) April–July 1989 |
Yes | Clinical investigation | Low |
| Kumar20 | 1991 | India* (Ambala, Haryana State) |
General population | 15 761 children aged <15 years | Lameness survey (house-to-house) January 1989 |
Yes | Clinical investigation | High |
| Balraj21 | 1990 | India* (Northern Arcot District, Tamil Nadu State) |
General population (rural) |
42 045 children aged <5 years | Lameness survey (house-to-house) February–October 1988 |
Yes | Clinical investigation | Moderate |
| Mehra22 | 1990 | India* (New Delhi) |
General population (urban/rural) |
7318 children aged 5–15 years | Lameness survey (house-to-house) June–August 1986 |
Yes | Clinical investigation | Moderate |
| Parakoyi23 | 1990 | Nigeria* (Ilorin, Kwara State) | General population (urban/rural) | 4576 children aged 5–9 years | Lameness survey (house-to-house) March 1988 |
Yes | Clinical investigation | Low |
| Tekle-Haimanot24 | 1990 | Ethiopia* (Meskan and Moreko subdistricts) |
General population (rural) |
60 820 adults | Lameness survey (house-to-house) 1986–1988 |
Yes | Clinical investigation | Moderate |
| Khajuria25 | 1989 | India* (Haryana) | General population (rural) | 37 851 children aged 1–11 years | Lameness survey (village) 1985 |
Yes | Clinical investigation | High |
| Dekker26 | 1988 | Ethiopia* (Addis Ababa) |
General population | 256 092 children aged<20 years | Lameness survey (school) Unknown date |
Yes | Clinical investigation | High |
| Maru27 | 1988 | Ethiopia* (Gondar) |
General population (urban/rural) | 17 941 children aged 5–9 years | Lameness survey (house-to-house) February–July 1983 |
Yes | Clinical investigation | Low |
| Osuntokun28 | 1987 | Nigeria* (Igbo-Ora) |
General population | 18 954 | Lameness survey (house-to-house) Unknown date |
Yes | Clinical investigation | Moderate |
| Tidke29 | 1986 | India* (Bombay) |
General population (slums) | 15 165 children aged <6 years | Lameness survey (house-to-house) Unknown date |
Yes | Clinical investigation | High |
| Broca30 | 1985 | India* (Ajmer City, Rajasthan) |
General population | 6000 children aged 5–15 years | Lameness survey (house-to-house) August 1981–March 1982 |
Yes | Clinical investigation | Moderate |
| Basu31 | 1984 | India (National)* |
General population (urban/rural) | 715 039 children aged 5–9 years | Lameness survey (national) 1981–1982 |
Yes | Clinical investigation | Low |
| Heymann32 | 1983 | Rep. of Cameroon* (Yaounde, Bamenda, Eseka) |
General population (urban/rural) |
37 130 children aged 5–11 years | Multiple sources (hospital and clinical registers, house-to-house and school lameness survey) | Yes | Clinical investigation | Moderate |
| Olive33 | 1984 | Sudan* (Port Sudan and Juba, Khartoum) | General population (urban/semirural) | 45 499 children aged 5–13 years | Lameness survey (house-to-house/school) July–September 1982 |
Yes | Clinical investigation | Moderate |
| Srilatha34 | 1984 | South India* (North Arcot District, Tamil Nadu) | General population (rural) | 14 643 children aged 5–17 years | Lameness survey (school) June-December 1979 |
Yes | Unknown | High |
| Hajar35 | 1983 | Yemen Arab Republic* | General population (urban/rural) | 12 443 children aged 5–13 years | Lameness survey (school and community) November 1980–January 1981 |
Yes | Clinical investigation | Low |
| Sabin36 | 1983 | Brazil (Federal District of Brazil) |
General population | 20 807 children aged 6–7 and 10–11 years | Lameness survey (school) 1980 |
Yes | Clinical investigation | Moderate |
| Hall37 | 1982 | Papua New Guinea* (Gulf Province) |
General population | 3368 children (ages unspecified) | Lameness survey (school) 1979 |
Yes | Unknown | High |
| Rotti38 | 1982 | South India* (Pondicherry) | General population (urban) | 6683 children aged 6–15 years | Lameness survey (house-to-house and school) July 1980–September 1981 |
Yes | Clinical investigation | Moderate |
| Thuriaux39 | 1982 | Niger* (Niamey, Kollo, Tillaberry, Gotheye) |
General population (rural/urban) | 46 772 children aged 5–14 years | Lower limb motor disorders survey (school) February–May 1981 |
Yes | Clinical investigation | Moderate |
| Snyder40 | 1981 | Bangladesh* (Matlab) |
General population (rural) | 25 000 children aged 5–14 years | Lameness survey (house-to-house) May–June 1979 |
Yes | Clinical investigation | Moderate |
| Ulfah41 | 1981 | Indonesia* (Yogyakarta) |
Philanthropic private agency | 94 376 children and adolescents aged <20 years | Lameness survey (families) | Yes | Clinical and laboratory investigation | High |
| Jhala42 | 1979 | India* (Patan Taluka, Gujarat) | General population (rural) |
57 435 adults | Lameness survey (house-to-house) | Yes | Clinical investigation | High |
| Nicholas43 | 1977 | Ghana* (Danfa) |
General population (rural) | 13 232 children aged 0–15 years | Lameness survey (school, village) | Yes | Clinical investigation | High |
| Hardas44 | 1974 | India* (Nagpur) |
General population (urban/rural) | 36 826 children aged <12 years | Lameness survey (house-to-house) | Yes | Clinical investigation | Moderate |
| Low-income to lower middle-income countries:average prevalence† | 425 | |||||||
| Upper-middle to high-income countries: average prevalence‡ | 165 | |||||||
| International: total average prevalence | 295 | |||||||
*Low-income to lower-middle income countries.
†Based on 18 studies with low to moderate risk of bias.
‡Based on three studies with low to moderate risk of bias.