Table 3.

Pooled effects from meta-analysis of multiple health behaviour interventions on CVD risk and CVD risk factors

Outcome	n	Pooled effect size		95% CI	p Value	I2 (%)	p Value for heterogeneity	τ2
Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg)	16		−1.86	−3.17 to −0.55	0.01	63.0	<0.001	3.91
Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) by medication use	10	Medication	−2.59	−4.48 to −0.69	0.01	68.3	0.001	5.31
	6	None*	−0.55	−1.69 to 0.59	0.35	3.4	0.40	0.09
Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg)	15		−1.53	−2.43 to −0.62	0.001	68.3	<0.001	1.92
Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg) by medication use	10	Medication*	−1.96	−2.79 to −1.11	<0.001	42.5	0.07	0.66
	5	None	−0.78	−2.50 to 0.93	0.37	73.0	<0.001	2.97
Serum total cholesterol (mmol/L)	14		−0.13	−0.19 to −0.07	<0.001	20.3	0.22	0.0
Serum total cholesterol (mmol/L) by medication use	8	Medication	−0.15	−0.26 to −0.03	0.01	43.8	0.09	0.01
	6	None*	−0.11	−0.18 to −0.03	0.01	0.0	0.60	0.0
Smoking (%)	11		−0.00	−0.02 to 0.01	0.66	13.4	0.31	0.0
BMI (kg/m2)	14		−0.13	−0.26 to −0.01	0.04	0.0	0.82	0.0
Body weight (kg)	10		−0.91	−1.39 to −0.43	<0.001	12.1	0.33	0.08
CVD risk using SCORE (%)	2		0.12	−0.37 to 0.61	0.61	0.0	0.87	0.0
Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) by theory use	5	Theory	−2.18	−5.92 to 1.56	0.25	72.3	0.01	13.0
	11	None†	−1.69	−3.01 to −0.29	0.02	61.3	<0.01	3.01
Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg) by theory use	5	Theory	−1.25	−2.43 to −0.06	0.04	0.4	0.40	0.01
	10	None†	−1.67	−2.83 to −0.52	<0.001	76.9	<0.001	2.42
Serum total cholesterol (mmol/L) by theory use	4	Theory	−0.03	−0.15 to 0.10	0.68	0.0	0.48	0.0
	10	None†	−0.13	−0.20 to −0.07	<0.001	0.0	0.29	0.0
BMI (kg/m2) by theory use	5	Theory	−0.15	−0.41 to 0.10	0.24	0.0	0.96	0.0
	9	None†	−0.13	−0.28 to 0.02	0.10	0.0	0.44	0.0
Body weight by (kg) theory use	4	Theory	−0.24	−0.94 to 0.45	0.49	0.0	0.97	0.0
	8	None†	−1.32	−1.80 to −0.83	<0.001	0.0	0.53	0.0

*Medication use is not reported.

†Theory use is not reported.

BMI, body mass index; CVD, cardiovascular disease; I², index of heterogeneity; N, number of trials; SCORE, Systematic COronary Risk Evaluation.