Table 4.
Meta-regression results of intervention effects for studies using or not using particular BCTs.
| Outcome | BCT | BCT included | BCT not included | β | CI | p Value | ||||
| MD | CI | n | MD | CI | n | |||||
| Systolic blood pressure | 1.1 Goal setting (behaviour). | −1.12 | −2.49 to 0.25 | 11 | −3.87 | −5.07 to −2.67 | 5 | 2.79 | −0.19 to 5.78 | 0.07 |
| 1.2 Problem solving. | −3.19 | −9.21 to 2.83 | 3 | −1.69 | −2.99 to −0.39 | 13 | −0.98 | −5.12 to 3.16 | 0.62 | |
| 1.3 Goal setting (outcome). | −3.01 | −6.99 to 0.97 | 3 | −1.65 | −3.12 to −0.18 | 13 | −1.11 | −4.95 to 2.73 | 0.55 | |
| 1.4 Action planning. | −2.84 | −5.29 to −0.39 | 7 | −1.39 | −3.01 to 0.23 | 9 | −1.39 | −4.54 to 1.76 | 0.36 | |
| 1.5 Review behaviour goal(s) | 0.93 | −2.10 to 3.95 | 4 | −2.49 | −3.82 to −1.16 | 12 | 3.45 | 0.13 to 6.76 | 0.04 | |
| 4.1 Instruction on how to perform the behaviour. | −2.77 | −4.89 to −0.68 | 5 | −1.23 | −2.89 to 0.44 | 11 | −1.53 | −4.53 to 1.47 | 0.29 | |
| 5.1 Information about health consequences. | −0.70 | −2.13 to 0.73 | 5 | −2.59 | −4.43 to −0.76 | 11 | 1.75 | −1.15 to 4.65 | 0.22 | |
| 9.1 Credible source. | −2.75 | −4.34 to −1.17 | 9 | −0.43 | −2.81 to 1.96 | 7 | −2.47 | −5.51 to 0.58 | 0.10 | |
| 9.2 Pros and cons. | 0.16 | −3.89 to 4.20 | 4 | −2.31 | −3.59 to −1.02 | 12 | 2.67 | −0.84 to 6.18 | 0.13 | |
| 11.2 Reduce negative emotions. | −3.52 | −4.93 to −2.11 | 4 | −1.05 | −2.46 to 0.37 | 12 | −0.22 | −5.48 to 5.03 | 0.93 | |
| Diastolic blood pressure | 1.1 Goal setting (behaviour). | −1.18 | −2.31 to −0.04 | 10 | −3.37 | −3.78 to −0.96 | 5 | 1.35 | −0.89 to 3.60 | 0.22 |
| 1.4 Action planning. | −2.17 | −4.13 to −0.20 | 6 | −1.28 | −2.30 to −0.25 | 9 | −0.82 | −3.02 to 1.38 | 0.44 | |
| 2.3 Self-monitoring of behaviour. | −1.29 | −3.03 to 0.46 | 3 | −1.58 | −2.60 to −0.55 | 12 | 0.18 | −2.73 to 3.08 | 0.89 | |
| 4.1 Instruction on how to perform the behaviour. | −1.12 | −2.80 to 0.56 | 5 | −1.84 | −2.77 to −0.91 | 10 | 0.87 | −1.17 to 2.91 | 0.38 | |
| 5.1 Information about health consequences. | −0.64 | −2.52 to 1.24 | 4 | −1.92 | −2.79 to −1.05 | 11 | 1.46 | −0.53 to 3.46 | 0.14 | |
| 9.1 Credible source. | −1.85 | −3.44 to −0.26 | 9 | −1.29 | −1.91 to −0.68 | 6 | −0.37 | −2.51 to 1.77 | 0.72 | |
| 9.2 Pros and cons. | −1.46 | −3.05 to 0.13 | 3 | −0.93 | −1.46 to 0.12 | 12 | 0.04 | −2.73 to 2.80 | 0.98 | |
| 11.2 Reduced negative emotions. | −2.98 | −4.71 to −1.25 | 4 | −1.25 | −2.25 to −0.25 | 11 | −1.78 | −4.46 to 0.89 | 0.17 | |
| Serum total cholesterol | 1.1 Goal setting (behaviour). | −0.11 | −0.17 to −0.5 | 9 | −0.17 | −0.34 to −0.01 | 5 | 0.09 | −0.08 to 0.26 | 0.29 |
| 1.3 Goal setting (outcome). | −0.21 | −0.45 to 0.02 | 3 | −0.10 | −0.16 to −0.03 | 11 | −0.12 | −0.27 to 0.03 | 0.11 | |
| 1.4 Action planning. | −0.15 | −0.34 to 0.05 | 6 | −0.12 | −0.18 to −0.06 | 8 | −0.05 | −0.22 to −0.12 | 0.52 | |
| 4.1 Instruction on how to perform the behaviour. | −0.18 | −0.19 to −0.07 | 4 | −0.10 | −0.17 to −0.04 | 10 | −0.09 | −0.25 to 0.06 | 0.20 | |
| 5.1 Information about health consequences. | −0.11 | −0.18 to −0.07 | 5 | −0.15 | −0.28 to −0.03 | 9 | 0.07 | −0.08 to −0.22 | 0.35 | |
| 9.1 Credible source. | −0.12 | −0.21 to −0.04 | 9 | −0.14 | −0.22 to −0.05 | 5 | −0.00 | −0.18 to 0.17 | 0.96 | |
| 9.2 Pros and cons. | −0.07 | −0.31 to 0.16 | 3 | −0.14 | −0.20 to −0.07 | 11 | 0.05 | −0.18 to 0.28 | 0.64 | |
| BMI | 1.1 Goal setting (behaviour). | −0.24 | −0.42 to −0.05 | 10 | −0.03 | −0.21 to 0.15 | 4 | −0.20 | −0.49 to 0.08 | 0.14 |
| 1.3 Goal setting (outcome). | −0.09 | −0.50 to 0.32 | 3 | −0.14 | −0.27 to −0.00 | 11 | 0.05 | −0.42 to 0.52 | 0.83 | |
| 1.4 Action planning. | −0.32 | −0.61 to −0.04 | 6 | −0.09 | −0.23 to 0.06 | 8 | −0.24 | −0.59 to 0.11 | 0.17 | |
| 1.5 Review behaviour goal(s) | −0.66 | −1.51 to 0.20 | 3 | −0.12 | −0.25 to 0.01 | 11 | −0.54 | −1.48 to 0.41 | 0.25 | |
| 4.1 Instructions on how to perform the behaviour. | −0.07 | −0.23 to 0.09 | 5 | −0.24 | −0.45 to −0.03 | 9 | 0.17 | −0.12 to 0.46 | 0.23 | |
| 5.1 Information about health consequences. | −0.13 | −0.36 to 0.10 | 4 | −0.14 | −0.29 to 0.02 | 10 | 0.01 | −0.29 to 0.31 | 0.96 | |
| 9.1 Credible source. | −0.24 | −0.43 to −0.06 | 8 | −0.03 | −0.21 to 0.15 | 6 | −0.21 | −0.49 to 0.07 | 0.13 | |
| 9.2 Pros and cons. | −0.47 | −1.29 to 0.34 | 3 | −0.13 | −0.26 to 0.01 | 11 | −0.35 | −1.25 to 0.55 | 0.42 | |
| 11.2 Reduce negative emotions. | −0.33 | −0.79 to 0.14 | 3 | −0.12 | −0.25 to 0.02 | 11 | −0.21 | −0.74 to 0.32 | 0.41 | |
| Weight | 1.3 Goal setting (outcome). | −1.02 | −1.73 to −0.31 | 4 | −0.83 | −1.53 to −0.12 | 8 | −0.17 | −1.33 to 0.99 | 0.75 |
| 1.4 Action planning. | −1.27 | −1.74 to −0.79 | 7 | −0.17 | −0.94 to 0.58 | 5 | −1.10 | −2.11 to −0.09 | 0.04 | |
| 1.5 Review behaviour goal(s). | −1.67 | −4.77 to 1.40 | 3 | −0.86 | −1.42 to −0.29 | 9 | −0.82 | −4.41 to 2.77 | 0.62 | |
| 2.3 Self-monitoring of behaviour. | −0.91 | −2.13 to 0.31 | 3 | −0.89 | −1.55 to −0.25 | 9 | −0.04 | −1.27 to 1.10 | 0.95 | |
| 4.1 Instruction on how to perform the behaviour. | −0.81 | −1.57 to −0.05 | 5 | −0.99 | −1.77 to −0.22 | 7 | 0.17 | −1.08 to 1.42 | 0.77 | |
| 9.1 Credible source. | −0.95 | −1.52 to −0.38 | 8 | −0.27 | −1.89 to 1.35 | 4 | −0.65 | −2.66 to 1.36 | 0.49 | |
| 9.2 Pros and cons. | −0.91 | −3.91 to 2.09 | 3 | −0.88 | −1.48 to −0.28 | 9 | −0.01 | −3.51 to 3.49 | 0.99 | |
β, meta-regression coefficient; BCT, behaviour change technique; BMI, body mass index; MD, mean difference; N, number of trials.