Table 2.
Bivariable Relationship between Dental Caries (dmfs) and Independent Variables by Language.
| Variable | Value | Overall | English (n = 59) | Spanish (n = 40) | P Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, y | 4.0 ± 1.1 | 3.9 ± 1.1 | 4.1 ± 1.2 | 0.6232 | |
| dmfs | 10.7 ± 16.9 | 7. 6 ± 12.1 | 15.2 ± 21.5 | 0.0461 | |
| Child sex | Female | 46 (46.5) | 27 (45.8) | 19 (47.5) | 1.0000 |
| Male | 53 (53.5) | 32 (54.2) | 21 (52.5) | ||
| Mothers’ age | 29.5 ± 9.6 | 28.2 ± 9.8 | 31.8 ± 9.1 | 0.0830 | |
| Mothers’ education | HS or more | 57 (57.6) | 39 (66.1) | 18 (45.0) | 0.0342 |
| Less than HS | 37 (37.4) | 17 (28.8) | 20 (50.0) | ||
| Missing | 5 (5.1) | 3 (5.1) | 2 (5.0) | ||
| Mothers’ employment | Employed <32 h/wk | 11 (11.1) | 7 (11.9) | 4 (10.0) | 0.6051 |
| Employed ≥32 h/wk | 24 (24.2) | 16 (27.1) | 8 (20.0) | ||
| Full-time student | 3 (3.0) | 3 (5.1) | 0 (0.0) | ||
| Homemaker | 45 (45.5) | 24 (40.7) | 21 (52.5) | ||
| On medical leave | 1 (1.0) | 1 (1.7) | 0 (0.0) | ||
| Part-time student | 2 (2.0) | 1 (1.7) | 1 (2.5) | ||
| Missing | 13 (13.1) | 7 (11.9) | 6 (15.0) | ||
| Household size | 4.8 ± 1.4 | 4.7 ± 1.5 | 4.9 ± 1.2 | 0.4426 | |
| Household income | $10,830–$14,569 | 4 (4.0) | 3 (5.1) | 1 (2.5) | 0.3419 |
| $14,570–$18,309 | 4 (4.0) | 3 (5.1) | 1 (2.5) | ||
| $18,310–$22,049 | 5 (5.1) | 2 (3.4) | 3 (7.5) | ||
| $22,050–$25,789 | 5 (5.1) | 3 (5.1) | 2 (5.0) | ||
| $25,790–$29,529 | 15 (15.2) | 12 (20.3) | 3 (7.5) | ||
| $29,530–$33,269 | 2 (2.0) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (5.0) | ||
| $33,270–$37,009 | 4 (4.0) | 3 (5.1) | 1 (2.5) | ||
| $37,010 | 2 (2.0) | 2 (3.4) | 0 (0.0) | ||
| Missing | 58 (58.6) | 31 (52.5) | 27 (67.5) | ||
| Household minors | 2.7 ± 1.4 | 2.6 ± 1.4 | 2.7 ± 1.3 | 0.7362 | |
| Years in household | 4.3 ± 3.5 | 4.6 ± 3. 7 | 3.8 ± 3.3 | 0.2716 | |
| Oral health behavior | 45.0 ± 15.6 | 47.1 ± 15.0 | 41.8 ± 16.2 | 0.0988 | |
| Oral health knowledge | 86.8 ± 9.7 | 87.5 ± 7.7 | 85.7 ± 12.2 | 0.3995 | |
| OHLOC (3 subscales) | 2.9 ± 0.7 | ||||
| Internal OHLOC | 4.3 ± 1.0 | 4.4 ± 0.7 | 4.1 ± 1.3 | 0.1655 | |
| External-powerful others OHLOC | 2.2 ± 1.0 | 2.2 ± 1.0 | 2.3 ± 0.9 | 0.6971 | |
| External-chance OHLOC | 2.2 ± 1.1 | 2.1 ± 1.0 | 2.2 ± 1.2 | 0.6227 | |
| Self-efficacy | 4.2 ± 0.7 | 4.3 ± 0.6 | 3.9 ± 0.8 | 0.0043 | |
| Knowledge on dental utilization | 3.5 ± 0.8 | 3.7 ± 0.5 | 3.2 ± 0.9 | 0.0024 | |
| Health belief model (4 subscales) | |||||
| Perceived severity | 4.2 ± 0.9 | 4.3 ± 0.9 | 3.9 ± 0.8 | 0.0574 | |
| Perceived barriers | 2.1 ± 0.7 | 1.9 ± 0.6 | 2.4 ± 0.7 | 0.0002 | |
| Perceived susceptibility | 3.1 ± 0.9 | 3.3 ± 0.8 | 2.8 ± 1.0 | 0.0080 | |
| Perceived benefits | 4.2 ± 1.0 | 4.3 ± 0.7 | 4.0 ± 1.2 | 0.1951 |
Continuous variables are presented as mean ± standard deviation. Categorical variables are presented as n (%).
dmfs, decayed, missing, filled tooth surfaces; HS, high school; OHLOC, oral health locus of control.