Table 1. Descriptive analysis.
| Variable | Groups | # of papers reporting | % of papers reporting |
|---|---|---|---|
| Total number of papers | 83 | 100% | |
| Type of publication | Academic journal | 82 | 98.8% |
| Report | 1 | 1.2% | |
| Year of publication | 1997–2000 | 2 | 2.4% |
| 2001–2005 | 10 | 12.0% | |
| 2006–2010 | 30 | 36.1% | |
| 2011-October 2015 | 41 | 49.4% | |
| Country of research | United States | 79 | 95.2% |
| Australia | 1 | 1.2% | |
| The Netherlands | 1 | 1.2% | |
| New Zealand | 1 | 1.2% | |
| Sweden | 1 | 1.2% | |
| Sampling procedure | Non-representative | 43 | 51.8% |
| Representative | 39 | 47.0% | |
| Not reported | 1 | 1.2% | |
| Data type | Cross-sectional | 80 | 96.4% |
| Longitudinal | 3 | 3.6% | |
| Recruitment from healthcare settings | Yes | 32 | 38.6% |
| No | 48 | 57.8% | |
| Both | 3 | 3.6% | |
| Sample size* | 0–100 | 9 | 10.8% |
| 101–200 | 13 | 15.7% | |
| 201–300 | 10 | 12.0% | |
| 301–1000 | 16 | 19.3% | |
| 1001+ | 35 | 42.2% | |
| Age | Children and adolescents (under 18) | 2 | 2.4% |
| Adults (18 and older) | 71 | 85.5% | |
| Mixed age groups | 2 | 2.4% | |
| Not reported | 8 | 9.6% | |
| Sex | Female only | 15 | 18.1% |
| Male only | 7 | 8.4% | |
| Male and female | 61 | 73.5% | |
| Racial/ethnic group** | African/Black American | 64 | 77.1% |
| Hispanic/Latino/a American | 34 | 41.0% | |
| Asian American | 18 | 21.7% | |
| European/White American | 40 | 48.2% | |
| Native American | 7 | 8.4% | |
| Non-American native/indigenous | 2 | 2.4% | |
| Specific health/medical condition | Diabetes | 10 | 12.0% |
| HIV | 6 | 7.2% | |
| Heart conditions (myocardial infarction; cardiac patients) | 2 | 2.4% | |
| Hypertension | 2 | 2.4% | |
| Osteoarthritis | 2 | 2.4% | |
| Other (1 paper per condition): cancer, mental health disorders, Systemic lupus, erythematosus (SEL) | 3 | 3.6% | |
| Samples not focused on patients with specific conditions/not reported | 58 | 69.9% | |
| Exposure instrument name** | Everyday Discrimination Scale (EDS) *** | 13 | 15.7% |
| Experiences of Discrimination (EOD) | 12 | 14.5% | |
| Racism in Health Care Index | 7 | 8.4% | |
| Discrimination in Medical Settings (DMS) | 5 | 6.0% | |
| Schedule of Racist Events (SRE) | 3 | 3.6% | |
| Racism and life experience scales (RaLES) | 3 | 3.6% | |
| Multiple Discrimination Scale (MDS) | 3 | 3.6% | |
| Perceptions of Racism Scale (PRS; Green, 1995) | 2 | 2.4% | |
| Exposure number of items** | Single item/s | 33 | 39.8% |
| 2–8 items | 33 | 39.8% | |
| 9 or more | 19 | 22.9% | |
| Not reported | 1 | 1.2% | |
| Exposure focus on healthcare** | Healthcare focused | 49 | 59.0% |
| Not healthcare focused | 40 | 48.2% | |
| Not reported | 1 | 1.2% | |
| Exposure type: direct/indirect** | Direct | 69 | 83.1% |
| Indirect | 14 | 16.9% | |
| Mixed (instruments including subscales from both levels) | 4 | 4.8% | |
| Not reported | 1 | 1.2% | |
| Administration of exposure** | Other-administered | 59 | 71.1% |
| Self-administered | 19 | 22.9% | |
| Not reported | 5 | 6.0% | |
| Timeframe of exposure** | Last 12 months | 17 | 20.5% |
| Last 2 years/last 5 years | 2 | 2.4% | |
| Lifetime | 27 | 32.5% | |
| Not reported/not specified (includes 'everyday') | 46 | 55.4% | |
| Mixed (instruments including subscales from both levels) | 3 | 3.6% | |
| Outcomes–HSU-E** | SAT | 15 | 18.1% |
| TRUST | 12 | 14.5% | |
| COM | 10 | 12.0% | |
| HSU-EMIX | 1 | 1.2% | |
| Outcomes–HSU-U** | INS | 10 | 12.0% |
| VP | 17 | 20.5% | |
| VH | 6 | 7.2% | |
| EXAM | 28 | 33.7% | |
| UPTAKE | 18 | 21.7% | |
| DELAY | 8 | 9.6% | |
| HSU-UMIX | 3 | 3.6% |
* Sample size for which associations between racism and HSU outcomes are reported.
** Numbers may not add to 100% (due to papers reporting multiple groups/exposures/outcomes).
*** Includes Major Discrimination, and instruments from the Detroit Area Study.