Table 1.

Frieds’ five markers of frailty.

Item	Type of measure	Criteria
Weight loss	Direct measurement of weight	Unintentional loss of ≥10 pounds in the previous year.
Weakness	Handheld dynamometer	Maximum grip strength (kilograms) of the dominant hand adjusted for gender and BMI. (For example, a male with a BMI of 26.1–28 would require grip strength at least 30 kg to be defined as not frail.)
Exhaustion	Two questions taken from the Center for Epidemiological Studies – Depression scale (‘I felt that everything I did was an effort’ and ‘I could not get going’).	A score of 2 or 3 (felt this way for a moderate amount of the time in the last week (3–4 days) or most of the time).
Physical activity	Minnesota leisure time activity questionnaire	Kilocalories per week expended are calculated using standardized algorithm and stratified by gender. Men with kilocalories of physical activity per week less than 383 are frail and women with kilocalories per week less than 270 are frail.
Slowness (or gait speed)	15-Foot walk test	Time taken to walk 15 ft adjusting for gender and standing height (For example, a female with height greater than 159 cm would be required to walk 15 ft in 6 seconds or less to be identified as not frail.)

CES-D: Center for Epidemiological Studies – Depression scale; BMI: body mass index.