Table 3.
Group differences of SORF summed scores and items.
| ASD (n=130) | DD (n=61) | TD (n=56) | Pairwise group differences | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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| ASD-DD | ASD-TD | |||||||
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| M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | F(2, 244) | d | p | d | p | |
| Composite score | 25.79 (8.18) | 15.61 (7.36) | 10.02 (6.76) | 92.85*** | 1.3 | 0.000 | 2.1 | 0.001 |
| Number of Red Flags | 10.44 (3.84) | 5.97 (3.31) | 3.61 (3.12) | 87.04*** | 1.2 | 0.000 | 2.0 | 0.001 |
| SC Domain score | 19.52 (6.26) | 12.62 (6.10) | 7.13 (5.44) | 95.31*** | 1.1 | 0.000 | 2.1 | 0.000 |
| SC number of Red Flags | 7.27 (2.88) | 4.33 (2.83) | 2.11 (2.16) | 91.81*** | 1.0 | 0.000 | 2.0 | 0.000 |
| RRB Domain score | 6.26 (3.42) | 2.98 (2.52) | 2.78 (2.69) | 38.10*** | 1.1 | 0.000 | 1.1 | 0.000 |
| RRB number of Red Flags | 3.17 (1.88) | 1.64 (1.42) | 1.50 (1.66) | 26.84*** | 0.9 | 0.000 | 0.9 | 0.000 |
| 1. Warm, joyful expressions | 1.75 (1.04) | 1.20 (1.09) | 0.96(0.99) | 13.78*** | 0.5 | 0.001 | 0.8 | 0.000 |
| 2. Reduced facial expressions | 1.57 (0.81) | 1.23 (0.96) | 0.88 (0.81) | 14.79*** | 0.4 | 0.020 | 0.9 | 0.000 |
| 3. Sharing interests | 1.80 (1.06) | 1.23 (0.96) | 0.63 (0.91) | 29.83*** | 0.6 | 0.001 | 1.2 | 0.000 |
| 4. Response to name | 1.97 (0.88) | 1.08 (0.92) | 0.52 (0.83) | 62.07*** | 1.0 | 0.000 | 1.7 | 0.000 |
| 5. Eye gaze directed to faces | 1.79 (0.75) | 1.07 (0.96) | 0.68 (0.77) | 45.87*** | 0.8 | 0.000 | 1.5 | 0.000 |
| 6. Showing and pointing | 2.05 (1.01) | 1.30 (1.02) | 0.61 (0.87) | 50.23*** | 0.7 | 0.000 | 1.5 | 0.000 |
| 7. Using hand as a tool | 0.21 (0.67) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.07 (0.42) | 3.64* | 0.3 | 0.022 | 0.3 | 0.194 |
| 8. Directed consonant sounds | 2.32 (0.83) | 2.02 (0.79) | 1.09 (0.90) | 37.94*** | 0.4 | 0.042 | 1.4 | 0.000 |
| 9. Nonverbal communication | 2.28 (0.95) | 1.46 (0.96) | 0.71 (0.97) | 54.64*** | 0.9 | 0.000 | 1.6 | 0.000 |
| 10. Interest in objects over people | 1.78 (0.88) | 0.87 (0.85) | 0.46 (0.63) | 69.57*** | 1.1 | 0.000 | 1.7 | 0.000 |
| 11. Reciprocal social play | 2.11 (0.10) | 1.18 (0.98) | 0.59 (0.89) | 56.35*** | 1.3 | 0.000 | 2.4 | 0.000 |
| 12. Repetitive use of objects | 1.22 (1.18) | 0.41 (0.74) | 0.60 (0.89) | 17.20*** | 0.8 | 0.000 | 0.6 | 0.000 |
| 13. Repetitive body movement | 1.16 (1.13) | 0.75 (0.98) | 0.86 (1.12) | 3.61* | 0.4 | 0.033 | 0.3 | 0.154 |
| 14. Repetitive speech | 1.38 (1.16) | 0.93 (1.05) | 0.84 (1.11) | 6.07** | 0.4 | 0.020 | 0.5 | 0.005 |
| 15. Ritualized behavior | 0.55 (0.87) | 0.21 (0.58) | 0.23 (0.66) | 6.08** | 0.5 | 0.009 | 0.4 | 0.018 |
| 16. Distress over change | 0.75 (1.00) | 0.28 (0.64) | 0.23 (0.66) | 10.90*** | 0.6 | 0.001 | 0.6 | 0.000 |
| 17. Excessive interest | 0.80 (0.99) | 0.38 (0.73) | 0.37 (0.68) | 7.58** | 0.5 | 0.004 | 0.5 | 0.005 |
| 18. Clutches objects | 0.57 (0.96) | 0.56 (0.87) | 0.48 (0.81) | 0.19 | 0.0 | 0.995 | 0.1 | 0.786 |
| 19. Sticky attention | 0.87 (1.09) | 0.52 (0.79) | 0.36 (0.75) | 7.16** | 0.4 | 0.040 | 0.6 | 0.002 |
| 20. Fixation on object parts | 0.19 (0.56) | 0.10 (0.44) | 0.04 (0.27) | 3.33* | 0.2 | 0.359 | 0.3 | 0.078 |
| 21. Sensory aversion | 0.34 (0.72) | 0.54 (0.79) | 0.30 (0.74) | 1.94 | -0.3 | 0.148 | 0.1 | 0.944 |
| 22. Sensory interest | 0.68 (0.98) | 0.25 (0.65) | 0.13 (0.43) | 14.73*** | 0.5 | 0.001 | 0.7 | 0.000 |
SORF: Systematic Observation of Red Flags; ASD: autism spectrum disorder; DD: developmentally delayed; TD: typically developing; SD: standard deviation; SC: Social Communication; RRB: Restricted Repetitive Behaviors.
Dunnett's C post hoc comparisons were used to correct for Type I error.
F-values are Welch corrected when necessary for violation of homogeneity of variance as assessed by Levene's test.
Cohen's d: ≤0.2 = small, 0.5 = medium, 0.8 = large.
*
p < 0.05;
**
p < 0.01;
***
p < 0.001.