Table 1.
Radionuclides examined in the current study
| Radionuclide | Symbol | Main source | Main radioactive emission mode | How measured (current study) | Half-life time | Specific activity |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Uranium-235 | 235U | Actinium series | α | A | 7.04 × 108 years | 79.8 kBq/g |
| Uranium-238 | 238U | Primordial | α | A | 4.47 × 109 years | 12.44 kBq/g |
| Uranium-234 | 234U | Uranium-238 decay series | α | A | 2.455 × 105 years | 231.3 MBq/g |
| Thorium-234 | 234Th | β− | G | 24.1 days | 860 TBq/g | |
| Protactinium-234 | 234mPa | β− | G | 6.7 h | 74,000 TBq/g | |
| Thorium-230 | 230Th | α | A | 75,440 years | 762.8 MBq/g | |
| Radium-226 | 226Ra | α | A | 1599 years | 36 GBq/g | |
| Lead-214 | 214Pb | β− | G | 26.9 min | 1.213 × 106 TBq/g | |
| Bismuth-214 | 214Bi | α | G | 28.7 min | 1.63 × 106 TBq/g | |
| Lead-210 | 210Pb | β− | G | 22.6 years | 2.84 TBq/g | |
| Polonium-210 | 210Po | α | A | 138.4 days | 166.272 TBq/g | |
| Thorium-232 | 232Th | Primordial | α | A | 1.4 × 1010 years | 4.07 kBq/g |
| Actinium-228 | 228Ac | Thorium-232 decay series | β− | G | 6.15 h | 82,800 TBq/g |
| Thorium-228 | 228Th | α | A | 1.913 years | 30.366 TBq/g | |
| Lead-212 | 212Pb | β− | G | 10.6 h | 51,407 TBq/g | |
| Bismuth-212 | 212Bi | β− | G | 1.009 h | 542,000 TBq/g | |
| Tantalum-208 | 208Tl | β− | G | 183.2 s | 1.096 × 107 TBq/g | |
| Potassium-40 | 40K | Primordial | β− | G | 1.248 × 109 years | 265.4 kBq/g |
| Carbon-14 | 14C | Cosmic ray | β− | G | 5700 years | 170 GBq/g |
| Tritium | 3H | β− | G | 12.32 years | 356.2 TBq/g | |
| Americium-241 | 241Am | Anthropogenic | α | G | 432.5 years | 126.9 GBq/g |
| Plutonium-238 | 238Pu | α | G | 87.8 years | 634 GBq/g | |
| Plutonium-239 | 239Pu | α | A | 24,110 years | 2.297 GBq/g | |
| Plutonium-240 | 240Pu | α | A | 6561 years | 8.404 GBq/g | |
| Cesium-137 | 137Cs | β− | G | 30.08 years | 3.214 TBq/g | |
| Cesium-134 | 134Cs | β− | G | 2.0652 years | 47.864 TBq/g | |
| Iodine-131 | 131I | β− | G | 8.0252 days | 4598.8 TBq/g | |
| Cobalt-60 | 60Co | β− | G | 5.2749 years | 41.868 TBq/g |
A α-spectroscopy, G γ-spectrometry