Table 2.

Summary of current findings in contemporary STPs and historic values for uranium-235 and radionuclides of the uranium-238 decay series

Radionuclide	Main radioactive emission mode	Proportion of STPs in which radionuclide detected	Range in STPs with detectable levels of radionuclide		Historic radioactivity values in tobacco (mBq/g dwb)a	Tobacco type	Country	Date	References
			Radioactivity (mBq/g WWB)	Mass (g/g WWB)
					8–240 × 10−9 g/g	Cigarette	Netherlands	1979	[64]
Total uranium					37–203 × 10−9 g/g	Cigarette, chewing, pan	India	1979–1992	[4, 19, 65, 66]
					7.4–19.1 × 10−6 g/g	Snuff	India	1985–1987	[4, 19]
235U	α	0/70	BLD	BLD	BLQ	Cigarette	India	1979	[65]
					BLD	Snuff, snus	US	2014	[67]
238U	α	3/70	1–10	7–80 × 10−8	BLD-8.1	Cigarette	Brazil, Egypt	1994–2012	[20, 21]
					BLD	Snuff, snus	US	2014–2016	[67–69]
234U	α	5/70	1–9	4–38 × 10−12	0.3–1.3	Leaf	Brazil	1994	[20]
234Th	β−	0/73	BLD	BLD	BLQ	Tobacco	Japan	1987	[70]
					5.7–8.8	Moassel	Egypt	2005	[71]
234mPa	β−	0/73	BLD	BLD	None reported
230Th	α	5/70	1–9	1–12 × 10−12	None reported
226Ra	α	67/70	1–9	1–24 × 10−14	1.8–20	Cigarette, pipe, cigar	Various	1960–2005	[20, 34–36, 71–78]
214Pb	β−	0/73	BLD	BLD	BLQ	Cigarette	Switzerland	1971	[28]
214Bi	α	0/73	BLD	BLD	1.3–2.4	Moassel	Egypt	2005	[71]
					44–59	Tobacco	Iraq	2009	[29]
210Pb	β−	52/70	< 40	< 2 × 10−14	1.9–40	Various	Various	1966–2009	[35, 36, 70, 71, 73, 74, 77, 79–86]
					8.6–11.6	Moist snuff	US	2009	[48]
210Po	α	66/70	2–18	1–11 × 10−17	0.74–80	Various	Various	1987–1994	[20, 87, 88]
					< 2–120	Snuff, snus	US Sweden	1986–2014	[37, 48, 67, 89]

^aFor total uranium concentrations (g/g) are used, BLD—below limit of detection, BLQ—below limit of quantification