Table 1.
Proximal hindlimb muscles dissected and alternate names in other sources. The left column shows abbreviations used in this paper. The right column identifies alternate names used in major avian myology works. If an alternate name is not identified for a given source it is either not mentioned in that work or uses the name listed in the ‘Full Muscle Name’ column
| Full muscle name | Alternate names | |
|---|---|---|
| IC | Iliotibialis cranialis |
Extensor iliotibialis anteriorOw
Iliotibialis internus s. sartoriusGS SartoriusBe, Ga73, GB, Ha, Hu, Sh, Wi |
| ILPR | Iliotibialis lateralis pars preacetabularis |
Extensor iliotibialis lateralisOw
Gluteus maximusBe Gluteus primusFo, Sh IliotibialisGB, Hu Iliotibialis anterior and Iliotibialis medius/tensor fasciaeGS Tensor fasciae pars preacetaularGa73 Triple muscleHa |
| ILPO | Iliotibialis lateralis pars postacetabularis |
Extensor iliotibialis lateralisOw
Gluteus maximusBe Gluteus primusFo, Sh IliotibialisGB, Hu Iliotibialis posterior/gluteus posteriorGS Tensor fasciae pars postacetaularGa73 Triple muscleHa |
| ITCR | Iliotrochantericus cranialis |
Gluteus iiiGa73
Gluteus minimusBe, Sh IliacusFi Iliotrochantericus anteriorGS, GB, Hu Iliotrochantericus anticusWi Opponens quadratus femorisHa |
| ITM | Iliotrochantericus medius |
Gluteus minimusBe
IliacusHa |
| ITCA | Iliotrochantericus caudalis |
Gluteus iiGa73
Gluteus mediusBe, Ha, Sh Gluteus profundisOw Iliotrochantericus posteriorGS, GB, Hu Iliotrochantericus posticusWi |
| IF | Iliofibularis |
Biceps crurisGa73
Biceps femorisBe, GB, Ha, Hu, Wi Biceps flexor crurisSh Extensor iliofibularisGS, Ow |
| IFE | Iliofemoralis externus |
Gluteus medius et minimusGB, Hu
Gluteus minimusHa Gluteus ivGa73 PiriformisFi |
| IFI | Iliofemoralis internus |
IliacusGB, Hu, Wi
PectinaeusHa PsoasOw |
| FCLP | Flexor cruris lateralis pars pelvica |
CaudiliofexoriusGS
Flexor cruris lateralisOw SemintendinosusBe, Fo, Ga73, GB, Ha, Hu, Sh, Wi |
| FCLA | Flexor cruris lateralis pars accessoria |
Accesorius semitendinosi or Accessory semitendinosusBe, Fo, Ga73, GB, Ha, Hu, Sh
Caudiliofexorius accessoriusGS |
| CFC | Caudofemoralis pars caudalis |
Caudilofemoralis pars caudi‐femoralisGS
CaudofemoralisOw, Ra FemorocaudalBe, Fo, Ga73, Sh Piriformis pars caudofemoralisGB, Hu SemimembranosusHa |
| CFP | Caudofemoralis pars pelvica |
Accessory femorocaudalHe, Fo, Ga73, Sh
Caudilofemoralis pars ilio‐femoralisGS Piriformis pars iliofemoralisGB, Hu SemimembranosusHaO: |
| IS | Ischiofemoralis |
Obturator externusSh
Quadratus femorisHa |
| FCM | Flexor cruris medialis |
GracilisHa
IschioflexoriusGS SemimembranosusBe, Fo, Ga73, GB, Hu, Sh, Wi |
| PIFL | Pubo‐ischio‐femoralis lateralis |
Adductor longusSh
Adductor longus et brevisWi Adductor longus et brevis pars externaGB, Hu Adductor magnusGa73, Ha Adductor superficialisOw Pubischiofemoralis pars externaGS Puboischiofemoralis pars cranialisRa |
| PIFM | Pubo‐ischio‐femoralis medialis |
Adductor longus et brevisWi
Adductor longus et brevis pars internaGB, Hu Adductor magnusGa73, Ha, Sh Adductor profundusOw Pubischiofemoralis pars internaGS Puboischiofemoarlis pars caudalisRa |
| OB | Obturator externus and internus |
Gemellus and Obturator internusSh
Obturator and Accessorrii obturatorisGS Obturatorius lateralis and medialisRa |
| AM | Ambiens |
Sources: Be, Beddard, 1896; Bn, Bennett, 1996; Fo, Forbes, 1885; GS, Gadow & Selenka, 1891; Ga72, Garrod & Darwin, 1872; Ga73, Garrod, 1873, 1874; Ga75, Garrod, 1875; GB, George & Berger, 1966; Ha, Haughton, 1865; Hu, Hudson, 1937; Hudson et al. 1959; Ow, Owre, 1967; Ra, Raikow, 1987; Sh, Shufeldt, 1890; Wi, Wilcox, 1952.