Table 2.
Distal hindlimb muscles dissected and alternate names in other sources. The left column shows abbreviations used in this paper. The right column identifies alternate names used in major avian myology works. If an alternate name is not identified for a given source it is either not mentioned in that work or uses the name listed in the ‘Full Muscle Name’ column
| Full muscle name | Alternate names | |
|---|---|---|
| FTI | Femorotibialis internus |
Femoritibialis internusGS, Hu, Wi
Vastus internusHa, Sh |
| FTM | Femorotibialis medius |
CruraeusHa, Sh
Femoritibialis mediusGS, Hu, Wi Vastus medialisOw |
| FTE | Femorotibialis externus |
Femoritibialis externusGS, Hu, Wi
Vastus externusGa73, Ha, Sh Vastus lateralisOw |
| FL | Fibularis longus |
Peroneus longusBe, GB, Hu, Ow, Sh, Wi
Peroneus superficialisGS |
| FB | Fibularis brevis |
Peroneus brevisGB, Hu, Wi
Peroneus profundusGS Tibialis posticusSh |
| EDL | Extensor digitorum longus |
Extensor digitorum communisBe, GS, Ga72, Ha
Extensor longus digitorumSh |
| TC | Tibialis cranialis |
Tibialis anteriorGB, Hu, Ow
Tibialis anticusBe, GS, Ha, Sh, Wi |
| GM | Gastrocnemius medialis |
Gastrocnemido‐solaeusHa
Gastrocnemius anticusBe, GS Gastrocnemius internal headSh, Wi Gastrocnemius par medialis and pars supermedialisRa Gastrocnemius pars internaBe, GS, GB, Hu, Ow |
| GI | Gastrocnemius intermedia |
Gastrocnemido‐solaeusHa
Gastrocnemius anticusFo, Ga72 Gastrocnemius medial headWi Gastrocnemius pars intermediaRa Gastrocnemius pars mediaBe, GS, GB, Hu, Ow Gastrocnemius tibial headSh |
| GL | Gastrocnemius lateralis |
Gastrocnemido‐solaeusHa
Gastrocnemius external headSh, Wi Gastrocnemius pars externaBe, GS, GB, Hu, Ow Gastrocnemius posticusFo, Ga72 Gastronemius pars lateralisRa |
| SFPPDII | (Superficialis) Flexor perforans et perforatus digiti II |
Flexor perforatus et perforans digiti IIGS
Flexor perforatus indicis secundus pedisSh |
| SFPPDIII | (Superficialis) Flexor perforans et perforatus digiti III |
Flexor digiti interniGa72
Flexor perforatus et perforans digiti IIIBe, GS Flexor perforatus medius secundus pedisSh |
| SFPPDIV | (Superficialis) Flexor perforans et perforatus digiti IV |
Flexor externi digitiGa72
Flexor perforatus annularis primus pedisSh Flexor perforatus digiti IVBe, Bn, FS, GB, Hu,Ow,Ra,Wi |
| FPDII | Flexor perforatus Digiti II | Flexor perforatus indicis primus pedisSh |
| FPDIII | Flexor perforatus Digiti III |
Flexor magnusGa72
Flexor perforatus medius primus pedisSh |
| FHL | Flexor hallucis longus |
Flexor longus hallucisFo, Ga75, Sh
Flexor profundusGa72 |
| FDL | Flexor digitorum longus |
Flexor perforans digitorumFo, Ga75
Flexor profundusGa72 Flexor profundus s. perforansGS Flexor perforans digitorum profundusSh |
| PL | Plantaris | SoleusSh |
| PO | Popliteus |
Sources: Be, Beddard 1896; Bn, Bennett, 1996; Fo, Forbes, 1885; GS, Gadow & Selenka, 1891; Ga72, Garrod & Darwin, 1872; Ga73, Garrod, 1873, 1874; Ga75, Garrod, 1875; GB, George & Berger, 1966; Ha, Haughton, 1865; Hu, Hudson, 1937; Hudson et al. 1959; Ow, Owre, 1967; Ra, Raikow, 1987; Sh, Shufeldt, 1890; Wi, Wilcox, 1952.