Figure 3.

p38 and JNK (A) total and (B) phosphorylated protein levels in cultured human astrocytes using sandwich ELISA. Data are mean fold changes in expression (± S.E.M.) of cells incubated at 5% O₂ for 6 h (“hypoxia”) and hypothermic intervention after 2 h (32°C; maintaining hypoxia for 6 h) (“hypoxia+hypothermia”) normalized to normoxic normothermic (“Control”) astrocytes. Each bar represents the mean ± S.E.M. for each of the conditions (n = 4). Kruskal-Wallis with Conover-Inman post-hoc analysis tests were used to identify significant differences between samples. ^*Represents statistical significance (p < 0.05).