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. 2017 Dec 18;7:17715. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-18153-9

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Experimental paradigm. Monkeys performed a visually guided center-out saccade task while the lateral prefrontal cortex was electrically stimulated. (a) Each trial was initiated when the animals foveated a central fixation point. After 800 ms, the fixation point jumped left- or rightwards along the horizontal meridian (±7 deg), and the monkeys had to make a saccade to the target location to receive a liquid reward. (b) Saccades observed fell into two categories: saccades initiated >100 ms relative to fixation point jump were considered task related (cyan) and saccades initiated between 0–100 ms were classified as directly evoked by the stimulation (red). Ellipses indicate 95% confidence boundaries for saccade parameters. (c) Electrical stimulation was delivered through 96-channel Utah arrays (red shaded areas), implanted in each monkeys left area 8Av. (d) We stimulated single electrodes blockwise on 50% of all trials. In stimulation trials, 10 biphasic pulses with a frequency of 200 Hz were delivered, with a current of either 100 or 250 μA. (a/c) Drawings by: Klaus Lamberty, Deutsches Primatenzentrum GmbH.