Table 2.
Interventional studies analyzing the effect of periodontitis on oxidative stress.
| Treatment | Treatment duration | Sample size | Comorbidity | Sample type | Results | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NST with vitamin C (2,000 mg/day) | 1 month | 30 ChP patients 30 healthy controls | None | Plasma | ↓ TAC in ChP patients; NST lead to ↑ TAC in ChP patients; No effect of vitamin C | Abou Sulaiman and Shehadeh, 2010 |
| NST with lycopene (8 mg/day) | 2 month | 20 ChP patients | None | Serum | ↓ MDA and clinical parameters after therapy | Ambati et al., 2017 |
| Oral hygiene education with insulin treatment for T1DM | 3 months | 32 T1DM patients at diagnosis 18 SH children with gingivitis 18 SH and PH children | T1DM | Serum Saliva GCF | ↑ serum, salivary and GCF OSI in T1DM group; ↓ after treatment | Aral et al., 2017 |
| NST with lycopene (8 mg/day) | – | 42 ChP patients | None | Plasma Saliva | ↑ IL-1ss, UA and clinical parameters after treatment | Arora et al., 2013 |
| NST | 14 days | 13 ChP patients with FMF 15 ChP SH patients 14 PH patients with FMF 15 PH and SH controls | Familial Mediterranean fever | Serum GCF | ↓ periodontal clinical markers after treatment; ↓ TOS in GCF in FMF patients with ChP; no difference in serum TOS and OSI | Bostanci et al., 2014 |
| ST with antioxidant gel (2mg lycopene) | 1 week | 31 ChP patients | None | GCF | ↓ 8-OHdG after treatment, as well as periodontal clinical markers | Chandra et al., 2013 |
| NST | 2 months | 35 ChP patients 32 healthy controls | None | Plasma GCF | ↓ TAC in GCF in ChP; ↑ after treatment; (plasma TAC no difference at baseline between groups, no change after treatment) | Chapple et al., 2007a |
| NST | 4 h | 145 ChP patients (14 with therapy) 56 healthy controls | None | Serum | Patients with severe periodontitis ↑ROM ↓ TAC; ↑ ROM after treatment | D'Aiuto et al., 2010 |
| NST with fluorescence-controlled Er:YAG laser radiation | Laser therapy applied 1 day after NST | 30 ChP patients | None | GCF | no difference between with/without laser treatment in TAC and clinical parameters; IL-1beta and ↑ TNF-alpha after NST only; ↓ after NST with laser | Dominguez et al., 2010 |
| NST | – | 30 ChP patients 30 healthy controls | Smokers/non-smokers | Serum Saliva | ↑ MDA in smoking ChP patients; ↑ GPx in ChP groups; ↓ TAC in ChP groups; ↓ MDA and GPx after therapy | Guentsch et al., 2008 |
| NST | 14 days | 47 (24 / 23) ChP patients 46 (23/23) healthy controls | Smokers/non-smokers | Serum Saliva GCF | ↑ salivary 8-OHdG and GPx in ChP; ↑ 4-HNE in GCF in ChP smokers; ↓ 8-OHdG after therapy in saliva and GCF | Hendek et al., 2015 |
| NST | – | 7 ChP patients 7 healthy controls | None | Saliva | ↑ TAC and ↓ SOD activity in ChP; ↓ TAC, SOD activity immediately after NST | Kim et al., 2010 |
| NST | – | 60 moderate to severe periodontitis patients with T2DM | T2DM | Serum | No effect of NST on d-8-iso, MMP-2, MMP-9 and hsCRP | Koromantzos et al., 2012 |
| NST; NST with antioxidants (6 mg/day; lycopene, zinc, and selenium) or antioxidants only | 3 doses in 2 weeks | 30 ChP patients 30 gingivitis patients 10 healthy controls | None | Saliva | ↓ UA in ChP patients; antioxidant treatment ↑ UA | Mathur et al., 2013 |
| Tai Chi (5 days a week, 60 min) | 6 months | 71 sedentary patients with periodontitis | Old age | Saliva | ↑ TAC, SOD after therapy | Mendoza-Núñez et al., 2014 |
| NST and surgical treatment | Surgical treatment 6 weeks after NST | 12 AgP patients | None | Serum Plasma | Periodontitis severity associated with LDL concentrations; No changes in lipid profile after treatment; No difference in GSH and lipid hyperoxide after therapy | Nibali et al., 2015 |
| NST or oral hygiene instructions | 2 visits within 7 days | 42 ChP patients 21 healthy controls | None | Saliva | NST lead to ↑ TAC, ALB, UA, GPx and ↓ SOD; (no effect of oral hygiene instructed therapy was found) | Novakovic et al., 2014 |
| NST | – | 25 severe ChP patients 26 healthy controls | None | Serum Saliva | Salivary 8-OHdG ↑ before treatment in ChP group; ↓ after NST ↑ salivary MDA and serum 4-HNE in ChP patients; NST had no effect | Onder et al., 2017 |
| NST with Coenzyme Q10; NST with tea tree oil gel or placebo | 7 days | 15 ChP patients (moderate to severe) | None | - | Both antioxidant treatment procedures effective in ↓ clinical markers of ChP (PI, GI, PPD and CAL) | Raut and Sethi, 2016 |
| NST and oral hygiene instructions | 2–4 months | 29 ChP patients 20 healthy controls | None | Saliva | ↑ 8-OHdG in ChP patients before therapy; ↓ 8-OHdG and P. gingivalis after treatment, as well as periodontal clinical markers | Sawamoto et al., 2005 |
| NST | – | 8 ChP patients 8 healthy controls | None | Platelet suspension | ↓ periodontal clinical parameters and CRP after therapy, as well as ↑ cGMP and SOD activity | Siqueira et al., 2013 |
| Surgical treatment with taurine (500 mg/day) | 15 days | 10 ChP patients | None | Plasma Gingival tissue | ↓ TBARS, GPx in plasma and gingival tissue; ↑ GSH and ↓ periodontal clinical parameters after therapy | Sree and Sethupathy, 2014 |
| NST | – | 78 ChP patients 17 healthy controls | None | Saliva | ↑ 8-OHdG in ChP patients before therapy; ↓ 8-OHdG and periodontal clinical markers after therapy | Takane et al., 2002 |
| NST | – | 22 ChP patients 22 healthy controls | None | Plasma | ↑ oxidative index, oxidized LDL and CRP in ChP; ↓ of these parameters after treatment | Tamaki et al., 2011 |
| NST | – | 25 ChP patients 25 patients with gingivitis 25 healthy controls | None | Serum | ↓ serum TAC and CAT in both groups of patients; TAC ↑ in ChP patients after therapy (no treatment effect on CAT) | Thomas et al., 2014 |
| NST | 4 visits within 14 days | 30 (15/15) ChP patients 10 healthy controls | Smokers/non-smokers | GCF | ↑ IL-1beta in ChP patients; ↓ IL-1beta after NST irrespective of smoking; (no difference in TAC and TOS before or after treatment between groups) | Toker et al., 2012 |
| NST | 2 weeks | 25 ChP patients with MS 25 ChP SH patients | Metabolic syndrome | Serum Saliva | TOS and OSI showed no difference between groups in serum after therapy; ↑ TAC of MS ChP patients before treatment, but ↓ after therapy in serum; ↓ OSI and ↑ TAC in both groups after treatment in saliva | Torumtay et al., 2016 |
| NST | Once per week/1 month | 22 ChP patients | None | Saliva | ↑ SOD in patients with low dental visits after NST; ↑ TAC in patients with regular dental visits after therapy | Yang et al., 2014 |
| NST with dietary intervention | 3 visits/6 months | 37 ChP patients (19 without intervention; 18 with intervention) | None | Plasma Saliva | ↑ TAC after dietary intervention in plasma; no differences in periodontal clinical parameters after dietary intervention | Zare Javid et al., 2014 |
ChP, chronic periodontitis; SH, systematically healthy; PH, periodontal healthy; NST, non-surgical treatment; ST, surgical treatment; T1DM, type 1 diabetes mellitus; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus; FMF, familial Mediterranean fever; MS, metabolic syndrome; GCF, gingival crevicular fluid; TAC, total antioxidant capacity; TBARS, thiobarbituric acid reacting substances; 8-HOdG, 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine; GPx, glutathione peroxidase; GSH, reduced glutathione; MDA, malondialdehyde; TOS, total oxidant status; SOD, superoxid dismutase; OSI, oxidative stress index; IL-1ss, salivary interleukin 1beta; ROM, reactive oxygen metabolites; 4-HNE, 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal; hsCRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; d-8-iso, d−8-iso prostaglandin F2a; MMP-2, matrix metalloproteinase 2; MMP-9, matrix metalloproteinase 9; LDL, low density lipoprotein; ALB, albumin; UA, uric acid; CAT, catalase; CRP, C-reactive protein; PI, plaque index; GI, gingival bleeding index; PPD, probing pocket depth; CAL, clinical attachment level; TNF-alpha, tumor necrosis factor alpha; cGMP, L-arginine-nitric oxide (NO)-cyclic guanosine monophosphate.