Table 1.

Effects of drugs or active ingredients on the proliferation and differentiation of NSCs.

Drugs or active ingredients	Cells	The role of proliferation	The role of differentiation	Mechanism
Salvianolic acid B [21]	NSCs from cortex of E13.5 mice	Nestin-positive cells ↑	The expression of tau ↑; the expression of GFAP ↓	Cells in G2/S phase
Tetramethylpyrazine [23]	NSCs from cortex of E15 SD fetal rats	BrdU-positive cells ↑	β-Tubulin III-positive cells ↑; β-tubulin III/nestin-positive cells ↑; GFAP-positive cells ↓; GFAP/nestin-positive cells ↓	The expression of cyclin D1 ↑; the expression of P-ERK ↑; the expression of P-JNK with little change; the phosphorylation of P38 ↓
Epimedium flavonoids [24]	NSCs from hippocampus of 1d neonatal rats	BrdU-positive cells ↑	Tuj1-positive cells ↑; NF-200-positive cells ↑; GFAP-positive cells ↑
Panax notoginseng saponins [25]	NSCs from hippocampus of 1d neonatal rats	Nestin-positive cells ↑; BrdU-positive cells ↑	Nestin/BrdU-positive cells ↑; nestin/vimentin-positive cells ↑; nestin/Tuj1-positive cells ↑
Tenuigenin [26]	NSCs from hippocampus of E16 rats	BrdU-positive cells ↑	β-Tubulin III-positive cells ↑; GFAP-positive cells ↑
Gastrodiae rhizome [27]	NSCs from human embryos	Viability ↑	The expression of nestin ↓; the expression of Tuj1 ↑; the expression of MAP2 ↑; dendrites ↑	The expression of Sox2 ↓
Astragaloside IV [28]	NSCs from hippocampus of adult SD rats	BrdU-positive cells ↑	BrdU/MAP2-positive cells ↑; BrdU/GFAP-positive cells ↑	The expression of NGF ↑
Angelica [29]	NSCs from embryonic rats	Nestin ↓ compared with the hypoxia group; nestin ↑ compared with the control group
Ketamine [31]	NSCs from the SVZ of 7d neonatal male SD rats	Nestin/BrdU-positive cells ↓	The expression of β-tubulin III ↑; the expression of GFAP ↓; the expression of nestin ↓
Fingolimod [34]	NSCs from E13.5 SD rats	CCK-8 ↑	The expression of GFAP ↑
Simvastatin [36]	NSCs from embryonic rats	Nestin-positive cells ↑	GFAP-positive cells ↑; MAP2-positive cells ↑	The expression of Notch1 ↑