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Flow diagram of patient enrollment, assignment, follow-up and analysis. A total of 179 subjects were recruited and allocated into various anesthesia exposure groups, namely short-duration (n = 49), moderate-duration (n = 51) and long-duration (n = 79 groups. In addition, 30 subjects served as the control group. Repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) with mixed-effects modeling was used to analyze the differences, including those with incomplete follow-up data
