Table 1.
Processing time among switchgrass transformation protocols reported in the literature and this study
| Callus induction I | Callus induction II | Co-cultivation | Selection | Regeneration | Light intensity (regeneration) | Rooting | Reference | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | N/A | 3–7 days (27 °C) | 8–16 weeks (27 °C) | 4–6 weeks (27–28 °C) | 80 μmol m−2 s−1 | N/A | Somleva et al. [21, 42] | |
| 2 | 10 days (25 °C) | 4 weeks | 3 days | Until callus reaches 0.5 cm | 2 weeks | N/A | 2 weeks | Burris et al. [38] |
| 3 | 8–12 weeks (24 °C) | 2 days | 5–8 weeks | 4–6 weeks (25 °C) | 140 μE m−2 s−1 | 4–5 weeks | Xi et al. [20] | |
| 4 | 6–8 weeks (26 °C) | 2 days | 6 weeks | 3–4 weeks (25 °C) | 140 μmol m−2 s−1 | 3–4 weeks (25 °C) | Li and Qu [39] | |
| 5 | 10 day-old seedling [White basal parts (5–8 mm)] | 4 days (25 °C) | 2–3 months | 3–4 weeks (25 °C) | 30 μmol m−2 s−1 | N/A | Song et al. [51] | |
| 6 | 8–9 weeks (26 °C) | 3 days (26 °C) | 4–6 weeks (26 °C) | 4–5 weeks (26 °C) | 20001χ | 2–3 weeks | Ramamoorthy and Kumar [44] | |
| 7 | 4 weeks (28 °C) | 7 days (28 °C) | 8 weeks (28 °C) | 6 weeks (28 °C) | N/A | 1–2 weeks (28 °C) | Ogawa et al. [46] | |
| 8 | 3–4 months (25 °C) | 3 days (25 °C) | 8 weeks | 3 weeks (25 °C) | 100 μmol m−2 s−1 | 3 weeks (25 °C) | Liu et al. [43] | |
| 9 | 4 weeks (28 °C) | 7 days (22 °C) | 8 weeks | 6 weeks | N/A | N/A | Ogawa et al. [45] | |
| 10 | 4–6 weeks (26 °C) | 3 days (26 °C) | 7 weeks (26 °C) | 3–4 weeks (26 °C) | 100 μmol m−2 s−1 | 2–4 weeks (26 °C) | This study | |
N/A not applicable