Table 3.
Associations of social network characteristics with diabetes status stratified by sex
| Outcome variables stratified by sex | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Women | Men | |||||
| Reference category; NGM | Pre-diabetes (n = 201) | Newly diagnosed T2DM (n = 41) | Previously diagnosed T2DM (n = 213) | Pre-diabetes (n = 229) | Newly diagnosed T2DM (n = 70) | Previously diagnosed T2DM (n = 484) |
| OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | |
| Explanatory variables | ||||||
| Structural characteristics of the social network | ||||||
| Smaller network size (for every fewer network member) | 1.02 (0.99–1.06) | 1.12** (1.03–1.22) | 1.08*** (1.04–1.13) | 0.99 (0.95–1.02) | 1.10** `(1.03–1.18) | 1.05** (1.02–1.09) |
| Contact frequency | ||||||
| Total contacts per half year (for every 10 additional contacts) | 1.00 (0.99–1.01) | 0.98 (0.96–1.01) | 0.98* (0.97–1.00) | 1.00 (0.99–1.01) | 0.98# (0.96–1.00) | 0.99(0.98–1.02) |
| Percentage of daily-weekly contact (for every additional 10%) | 0.99 (0.92–1.05) | 1.10 (0.97–1.26) | 1.07# (0.99–1.15) | 0.99 (0.93–1.05) | 1.08# (0.98–1.19) | 1.04(0.98–1.09) |
| Proximity | ||||||
| Percentage of network members living within walking distance (for every fewer 10%) | 1.03 (0.95–1.11) | 1.21* (1.02–1.42) | 1.09* (1.01–1.19) | 0.98 (0.91–1.05) | 1.02 (0.91–1.13) | 1.05# (0.99–1.12) |
| Type of relationship | ||||||
| Percentage household members (for every additional 10%) | 1.06 (0.93–1.20) | 1.25** (1.05–1.50) | 1.15* (1.03–1.29) | 0.96 (0.85–1.08) | 1.29*** (1.12–1.49) | 0.99 (0.90–1.09) |
| Percentage family members (for every additional 10%) | 1.02 (0.94–1.10) | 1.06 (0.92–1.22) | 1.08# (0.99–1.17) | 0.98 (0.92–1.04) | 1.04 (0.94–1.16) | 1.03(0.97–1.09) |
| Percentage friends (for every 10% less) | 1.05 (0.96–1.14) | 1.14 (0.96–1.35) | 1.14** (1.04–1.26) | 1.00 (0.93–1.08) | 1.08 (0.95–1.22) | 1.04(0.98–1.11) |
| Living alone | 1.00 (0.66–1.52) | 0.59 (0.24–1.44) | 0.87 (0.54–1.39) | 1.59# (0.98–2.60) | 1.84# (0.89–3.81) | 1.94**(1.29–2.93) |
| Lack of social participation | 1.60** (1.12–2.27) | 1.72 (0.84–3.55) | 2.12*** (1.44–3.13) | 1.31 (0.93–1.85) | 1.57# (0.92–2.68) | 1.42* (1.06–1.90) |
| Functional characteristics of the social network | ||||||
| Less informational supporta | 0.98 (0.88–1.10) | 1.13 (0.92–1.40) | 1.09 (0.97–1.23) | 1.02 (0.92–1.12) | 1.12 (0.96–1.31) | 1.02 (0.93–1.10) |
| Less emotional support (discomfort) a | 1.04 (0.94–1.16) | 1.22# (0.97–1.53) | 1.12# (0.99–1.27) | 1.08 (0.98–1.21) | 1.17# (0.98–1.41) | 1.06 (0.96–1.16) |
| Less emotional support (important decisions) a | 1.08 (0.96–1.21) | 1.34* (1.06–1.69) | 1.11# (0.98–1.26) | 1.06 (0.95–1.18) | 1.19* (1.00–1.43) | 1.11* (1.01–1.22) |
| Less practical support (jobs)a | 1.11# (1.00–1.24) | 1.19 (0.94–1.50) | 1.16* (1.02–1.32) | 1.03 (0.93–1.15) | 1.21* (1.01–1.46) | 1.04 (0.95–1.14) |
| Less practical support (sickness) a | 1.07 (0.95–1.20) | 1.45* (1.07–1.96) | 1.21* (1.05–1.41) | 1.08 (0.96–1.21) | 1.25* (1.02–1.54) | 1.13* (1.02–1.25) |
All analyses were adjusted for age, body mass index, educational level, employment status, alcohol consumption, smoking status, Hypertension, prior CVD and general health (SF36). NGM Normal glucose metabolism; T2DM Type 2 diabetes mellitus. aSocial support variables have a range from 0 to 5. OR; Odds ratio, 95% CI; 95% Confidence interval. #p ≤ 0.1 *p ≤ 0.05 **p ≤ 0.01 ***p ≤ 0.001