Table 1.
Chemical and therapeutic profile of phytochemicals.
| Name of compounds | Chemical classification | Possible mechanism of action | Therapeutic uses |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gingerols | Predominated phenols of ginger oil | Inhibition of PI3K/Akt pathway | Anticancer, antineuroinflammatory, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer |
| Curcumin | Flavonoid | Inhibition of PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway | Cardiovascular diseases, arthritis and inflammation, breast, gastric, colon, prostate cancers, melanoma, lymphoma, and leukemia |
| Diallyl Trisulfide | Organosulfur compound | Inhibition of PI3K/Akt pathway | Diabetes, cardiovascular disease, stimulate immune system, induce apoptosis in colon, gastric, prostate, and breast cancers |
| Emodin | Anthraquinone derivative | Inhibition of PI3K/Akt pathway | Several human cancers, neuroprotective, anti-viral |
| Ginsenoside RG3 | Steroid glycosides and triterpene saponins | Inhibition of PI3K/Akt pathway | Numerous types of cancers- ovarian, lung, melanoma |
| D-Rhamnose β-hederin | Triterpenoid saponin | Inhibition of PI3K/Akt pathway | Cardiovascular disease, neuroprotective, antioxidant, anti-proliferative, neurodegenerative disease |
| Honokiol | Neolignan biphenols | Inhibition of PI3K/Akt pathway | Anti-thrombotic, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-cancer- multiple myeloma, lung, and colorectal |
| Matrine | Tetracyclic alkaloid | Inhibition of PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway | Anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-viral, anti-fibrotic, anti-arrhythmic, immunosuppressive |
| Parthenolide | Sesquiterpene lactone | Inhibition of PI3K/Akt pathway | Arthritis, fever, head ache, anticancer- prostate, skin, breast, bile duct, bowel, pancreas |
| Plumbagin | Naphthoquinone | Inhibition of PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway | Anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, hypolipidemic, anticancer, anti-atherosclerotic, anti-fungal, antibacterial |
| Triptolide | Diterpenoid triepoxide | Inhibition of PI3K/Akt pathway | Arthritis, variety of cancers, anti-inflammatory, immunosuppressive, anti-cystogenesis |
| Wogonin | Flavone | Inhibition of PI3K/Akt pathway | Anti-bacterial, antiviral, anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer |
| Thymoquinone | Benzoquinone of essential oil | Inhibition of PI3K/Akt pathway | Bronchial headache, asthma, dysentery, gastrointestinal problems |
| Andrographolide | Labdane diterpenoid | Inhibition of PI3K/Akt pathway | Upper respiratory tract infections, immunomodulatory, anti-cancer |
| Resveratrol | Natural polyphenol with stilbene | Inhibition of PI3K/Akt pathway | Anti-viral, anti-inflammatory, anti-leukemic, neuroprotective, chemoprotective, anti-oxidant |
| Epigallocatechin-3-gallate | Polyphenol, catechin, ester of epigallocatechin and gallic acid | Inhibition of PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway | Cardiovascular disease, anti-cancer, anti-obesity, skin protection from ionizing radiation |
| Quercetin | Flavonoid | Inhibition of PI3K/Akt pathway | Hay fever, diabetes, peptic ulcer, cataracts, asthma, schizophrenia, gout inflammation, viral infections, anti-cancer |
| Fistein | Flavonoid | Inhibition of PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway | Anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer |
| Luteolin | Flavonoid | Inhibition of PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway | Anti-cancer, anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory |
| Apigenin | Flavonoid | Inhibition of PI3K/Akt pathway | Anti-inflammatory, sedative, numerous cancers- prostate, melanoma, colon, and breast |
| Indole-3-carbinol | Breakdown product of glucosinolate | Inhibition of PI3K/Akt pathway | Numerous cancer types- breast, colon, thyroid, gastric, prostate and mesothelioma |
| Di-indolylmethane | Derived product from digestion of indole-3-carbinol | Inhibition of PI3K pathway | Anti-cancer |
| Sulforaphane | Organosulfur compound with isothiocyanate group | Inhibition of PI3K/Akt pathway | Anti-cancer and anti-viral |
| Phenethyl isothiocyanate | Isothiocyanate derivative | Inhibition of PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway | Numerous cancers |
| Benzyl isothiocyanate | Isothiocyanate derivative | Inhibition of PI3K/Akt pathway | Anti-cancer |
| Dehydroglyasperin D | Prenyl flavonoid | Inhibition of PI3K pathway | Anti-obesity, aldose reductase inhibition, anti-cancer, anti-oxidant |
| Evodiamine | Quinolone alkaloid | Inhibition of PI3K/Akt pathway | Anti-nociceptive, anti-anoxia and vasorelaxant |
| Piceatannol | Natural analog of Resveratrol | Inhibition of PI3K pathway | Anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, atherosclerosis, hypercholesterolemia, angiogenesis |
| Ellagic acid | Polyphenol | Inhibition of PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway | Anti-bacterial, anti-viral, anti-cancer |