Table 1.
Participants in Reviewed Trials.
| Study/First Author Year | Preoperative/Postoperative | Type of Study | Control Patients (F), n | Training Patients (F), n | Type of Patients | Age (Years) |
Exercise Training | Frequency | Length of intervention | Duration and Follow up | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control Patients | Training Patients | ||||||||||
| Arbane 2011 | Post | RCT | 26 | 27 | NSCLC, stage I-IV,100% post-surgical(open thoracotomy or VATS) | 62.6 (32-47) | 65.4 (47-82) | Resistance (weights) + aerobic (walking, marching, and recumbent bike) | 2×/day | 12 weeks (+5 days) | Aerobic 5-10 min for each component |
| Granger 2013 | Post | RCT | 8 | 7 | suspected lung cancer (those confirmed ¼ 10(67%)), stage I-IV, surgery all patients | 72.4 ± 12.4 | 57 ± 16.2 | Aerobic (walking + cycling) + resistance (upper and lower) + stretching | 2×/day until discharge then twice weekly | Postsurgery to discharge + 8 weeks outpatient | 1 h |
| Stigt 2013 | Post | RCT | 26 | 23 | NSCLC resectable, thoracotomy 4 weeks post-discharge | 63.2 ± 10.3 | 63.6 ± 10.2 | Aerobic (cycling) + resistance | 2×/week | 12 weeks | 1 h |
| Edvardsen 2015 | Post | RCT | 31 | 30 | NSCLC, stage I-IV,open thoracotomy or VATS. Stratified for receiving chemotherapy and having COPD | 65.9 ± 8.5 | 64.4 ± 9.3 | Aerobic (walking on treadmill) + resistance + muscle training | 3×/week | 20 weeks | 1 h |
| Arbane 2014 | Post | RCT | 67 | 64 | NSCLC, stage I-IV, surgery resection by thoracotomy or VATS | 68 (11) | 67 (11) | strength training + walking | Once daily | 4 weeks | 30 min |
| Benzo 2011 | Pre | RCT | 9 | 10 | lung cancer resection by open thoracotomy or VATS and moderate-severe COPD | 72 (6.69) | 70.2 (8.61) | Aerobic (treadmill, step and arm ergometer) + resistance + breathing | 2×/day over 5 days | 1 week | 20 min lower extremity + upper, extremity + strength, exercises + breathing, 20 min + education |
| Pehlivan 2011 | Pre | RCT | 30 | 30 | NSCLC stageIA-IIIB, surgery (lobectomy/pneumonectomy) | 54.76 ± 8.45 | 54.1 ± 8.53 | Aerobic (walking on treadmill + walking around the center) + breathing | 3×/day walking + 2×/day chest physiotherapy | 1 week preop until discharge | According to patient’s tolerance |
| Morano 2013 | Pre | RCT | 12 | 12 | NCSLC stage I-IIIA with pulmonary disease and impaired spirometry, surgical resection by thoracotomy or VATS | 68.6 ± 7.3 | 64.8 ± 8 | Strength and endurance + breathing + flexibility | 5×/week | 4 weeks | 10 min increasing to 30 min + resistance training + 10-30 min of IMT |
| Sekine 2005 | Pre | CT | 60 | 22 | NSCLC stage I-IV with COPD, thoracotomy | 70.4 ± 4.6 | 69 ± 5.5 | Breathing (incentive spirometry, abdominal breathing, huffing, and coughing) + aerobic (walking) | Daily (breathing 5× per day) | 2 weeks | Breathing 15 min 5×/day + pulmonary exercises for 30 min and walking more than 5000 steps every day |
| Cesario 2007 | Post | CT | 186 | 25 | NSCLC, Surgical (lateral muscle sparing thoracotomy) | NR | NR | Aerobic (cycling, walking) + breathing | 5×/week | 4 weeks | 3 h |
| Coats 2013 | Pre | SGT | 13 | under investigation for NSCLC (stage I-IV) awaiting surgical resection | 59 ± 9 | Aerobic (walking + cycling) + resistance | 3-5×/week | 4 weeks | Aerobic 30 min + muscle strength exercises | ||
| Jones 2007 | Pre | SGT | 25 | suspected surgical lung cancer stage I-IIIA | 65 ± 10 | Aerobic (cycling) | 5×/week on consecutive days | Until surgical resection, mean of 30 sessions | 20-30 min + 5 min warm up and 5 min cool down | ||
| Peddle-Mclntyre 2012 | Post | SGT | 17 | 94% NSCLC stage I-IIIB and limited stage SCLC, on average 3 and a half years post-surgical | 66.7 (50-85) | Resistance + breathing + stretching | 3×/week nonconsecutive days | 10 weeks (28 sessions) | NR | ||
| Reisenberg and Lubbe 2010 | Post | SGT | 45 | NSCLC stage I-IIIB+SCLC (2 limited an 1 extensive), undergone treatment (88% surgical); time since last treatment no more than 14 days | 60.2 ± 8.0 | Aerobic (cycling) | Daily | 28 days | 30 min per day interval training (3-5 min) | ||
| Jones 2008 | Post | SGT | 20 | NSCLC stage I-IIIB, 80% surgery | 62 ± 11 | Aerobic (cycling) | 3×/week on consecutive days | 14 weeks | 15-45 min increasing over 14 weeks | ||
Abbreviations: CT, controlled trial; RCT, randomized controlled trial; SGT, single group trial; NSCLC, non–small cell lung cancer; SCLC, small cell lung cancer; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; NR, not reported; IMT, inspiratory muscle training; VATS, video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery.