. 2016 Jun 29;16(1):32–62. doi: 10.1177/1534735416656052

Table 4.

Case-Cohort Studies of Fish-derived omega-3 fatty acids and Prostate Cancer Incidence.

Reference	Cohort/Study Name	Cases n	Controls n	Geographic Area	Exposure Assessment	Highest Group (Quartile, Quintile, etc)	Effect of Exposure on Outcome (Highest vs Lowest Exposure)
Assessing blood levels of fatty acids
Bassett et al (2013)⁵³	Melbourne Collaborative Cohort Study	464	1717	Australia	PPL FAs and FFQ at baseline	Quintiles %PPL EPA and DHA (not defined)	↔ risk of PrCa EPA mvHR 1.05 (0.93-1.18) P = .42; DHA mvHR 0.99 (0.88-1.11) P = .86
Bassett et al (2013)⁵³	Melbourne Collaborative Cohort Study	464	1717	Australia	PPL FAs and FFQ at baseline	Dietary intake quintiles (not defined)	↔ risk of PrCa EPA mvHR 0.79 (0.56-1.12) P = .53; DHA mvHR 0.878 (0.61-1.25) P = .52
Brasky et al (2013)⁵⁵	SELECT Trial	834	1393	USA, Canada, Puerto Rico	Serum PPL at baseline	EPA >0.82% total FAs	↔ risk of total, low-grade or high-grade PrCa
Brasky et al (2013)⁵⁵	SELECT Trial	834	1393	USA, Canada, Puerto Rico	Serum PPL at baseline	DHA >3.62% total FAs	↑ Total PrCa and low-grade PrCa DHA mvHR 1.39 (1.06-1.82) P = .009; mvHR 1.42 (1.06-1.89) P = .08 ↔ risk of high-grade PrCa with DHA
Assessing dietary intake of fatty acids
Schuurman et al (1999)⁵⁴	The Netherlands Cohort Study	642	1525	Netherlands	FFQ at baseline of cohort study	EPA intake 0.10 g/d DHA intake 0.18 g/d	↔ PrCa risk for EPA RR 1.00 (0.73-1.35) P = .10 and DHA RR 1.03 (0.75-1.40) P = .19

Abbreviations: PPL, plasma phospholipid; FA, fatty acids; PrCA, prostate cancer; mvRR, multivariate relative risk; mvHR, multivariate hazard ratio; FFQ, Food Frequency Questionnaire; ↓ decrease, ↑ increase, ↔ no effect; EPA, eicosapentaenoic acid; DHA, docosahexaenoic acid.