Figure 3.

(a) Estimated response of Hedges’ d based on 238 individual comparisons of species numbers in salvage logged and unsalvaged forests affected by natural disturbances. Higher species numbers in salvage logged areas correspond to positive Hedges’ d, whereas negative values indicate lower species numbers in salvage logged areas. (b) Pseudo F-values of permutational multivariate analysis of variance based on 134 individual species abundance matrices. Larger pseudo F-values correspond to larger changes in community composition induced by salvage logging. Asterisks indicate significant responses (see Tables S1 and S2 for statistical details). For illustrative purposes, grey dots (and the grey line joining them for emphasis) represent the mean effect size in each taxonomic group.