Table 2.
Means for Full Sample and by Probability of C-Section
| C-Section Risk | Full Sample | Low Risk of C-Section | High Risk of C-Section |
|---|---|---|---|
| Outcomes: | |||
| C-section rate | .331 | .103 | .545 |
| Any bad outcome | .127 | .111 | .143 |
| Bad maternal outcome | .055 | .037 | .073 |
| Bleeding, fever, seizures at delivery | .039 | .024 | .053 |
| Late maternal complications | .019 | .014 | .024 |
| Bad child outcome | .080 | .080 | .081 |
| Fetal distress | .071 | .073 | .069 |
| Birth injury | .003 | .003 | .003 |
| Neonatal death | .004 | .003 | .006 |
| Doctor characteristics: | |||
| No. of deliveries per doctor | 1,019.45 (650.15) | 1,030.34 (674.73) | 1,009.22 (626.00) |
| Decision making | .000 (1.000) | −.032 (1.013) | .030 (.987) |
| Procedural skill differential | .000 (1.000) | −.016 (1.026) | .014 (.974) |
| Market price differential ($1,000) | 4.711 (1.606) | 4.687 (1.590) | 4.734 (1.621) |
| Share high risk | .122 | .116 | .127 |
| Mother and child characteristics: | |||
| African American | .158 | .185 | .132 |
| Hispanic | .210 | .244 | .179 |
| Married | .713 | .645 | .776 |
| High school dropout | .128 | .177 | .082 |
| Teen mom | .030 | .052 | .009 |
| Mom age 35 or more | .238 | .221 | .254 |
| Smoked | .081 | .090 | .073 |
| Child male | .513 | .514 | .513 |
| Child first born | .398 | .200 | .584 |
| Medicaid | .206 | .260 | .155 |
| Observations | 968,748 | 469,170 | 499,578 |
Note.—The analysis sample excludes birth attendants who were not physicians and birth attendants who had too few deliveries for a measure of diagnositic skill to be computed. Standard deviations are in parentheses.