. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 Jan 1.

Published in final edited form as: J Labor Econ. 2017;35(1):18977. doi: 10.3386/w18977

Table 5.

Effect of Doctor Decision Making and Surgical Skill on Maternal Health Outcomes

	C-Section Risk (Ordinary Least Squares)			C-Section Risk (Two-Stage Least Squares)
	All	Low	High	All	Low	High
Dependent variable = any bad maternal outcome
Decision making	−.005 (.001)	−.004 (.001)	−.005 (.001)	−.004 (.003)	−.005 (.002)	−.003 (.003)
Procedural skill difference	−.013 (.002)	−.005 (.001)	−.022 (.002)	−.035 (.007)	−.023 (.007)	−.049 (.008)
R²/x²	.018	.013	.016	4,342	15,389	1,993
Dependent variable = bleeding, fever, seizures during delivery:
Decision making	−.006 (.000)	−.004 (.000)	−.008 (.001)	−.012 (.002)	−.008 (.001)	−.016 (.003)
Procedural skill difference	−.007 (.001)	−.001 (.000)	−.013 (.001)	−.009 (.003)	−.004 (.002)	−.018 (.004)
R²/x²	.013	.009	.011	13,222	3,679	2,374
Dependent variable = maternal complications after delivery:
Decision making	.001 (.001)	−.0001 (.001)	.002 (.001)	.008 (.002)	.003 (.002)	.013 (.003)
Procedural skill difference	−.007 (.002)	−.004 (.001)	−.011 (.002)	−.028 (.006)	−.021 (.006)	−.036 (.007)
R²/x²	.017	.013	.020	5,822	1,002	648
Observations	968,748	469,170	499,578	968,748	469,170	499,578

Note.—Standard errors (in parentheses) are clustered at the 3-digit zip code level. Regressions also include market price, estimated C-section risk, indicators for African American, Hispanics, race missing, education (less than high school, high school, some college, missing), married, married missing, Medicaid, Medicaid missing, teen mom, 25–34, 35 plus, smoking, smoking missing, male child, parity 2, parity 3, parity 4 plus, parity missing, month and year of birth indicators, indicators for 3-digit zip code, and an indicator for whether the birth was on a week day. R-squared is shown for ordinary least squares and chi-squared is shown for two-stage least squares.