Table 6.
Effect of Decision Making and Surgical Skill on Child Health Outcomes
| C-Section Risk (Ordinary Least Squares)
|
C-Section Risk (Two-Stage Least Squares)
|
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All | Low | High | All | Low | High | |
| Dependent variable = any bad infant outcome: | ||||||
| Decision making | −.005 (.001) |
−.005 (.001) |
−.006 (.001) |
−.010 (.007) |
−.009 (.007) |
−.010 (.007) |
| Procedural skill difference | −.006 (.001) |
−.004 (.001) |
−.008 (.002) |
−.031 (.009) |
−.029 (.009) |
−.032 (.009) |
| R2/x2 | .013 | .010 | .017 | 17,881 | 1,126 | 2,044 |
| Dependent variable = fetal distress: | ||||||
| Decision making | −.003 (.001) |
−.004 (.001) |
−.003 (.001) |
−.012 (.006) |
−.012 (.006) |
−.012 (.006) |
| Procedural skill difference | −.003 (.001) |
−.003 (.000) |
−.004 (.001) |
−.024 (.006) |
−.025 (.006) |
−.023 (.006) |
| R2/x2 | .013 | .009 | .011 | 3,964 | 3,997 | 2,338 |
| Dependent variable = birth injury: | ||||||
| Decision making | .0001 (.000) |
.0001 (.000) |
.0001 (.000) |
.004 (.003) |
.003 (.002) |
.005 (.004) |
| Procedural skill difference | −.001 (.001) |
−.001 (.001) |
−.002 (.001) |
−.009 (.004) |
−.006 (.003) |
−.011 (.006) |
| R2/x2 | .003 | .002 | .004 | 1,023 | 380 | 603 |
| Dependent variable = neonatal death: | ||||||
| Decision making | −.002 (.000) |
−.001 (.000) |
−.002 (.000) |
−.001 (.001) |
−.0003 (.000) |
−.002 (.001) |
| Procedural skill difference | −.001 (.000) |
−.0003 (.000) |
−.002 (.000) |
.001 (.001) |
.001 (.000) |
.001 (.001) |
| R2/x2 | .007 | .004 | .010 | 2,231 | 1,438 | 2,015 |
| Observations | 968,748 | 469,170 | 499,578 | 968,748 | 469,170 | 499,578 |
Note.—Standard errors (in parentheses) are clustered at the 3-digit zip code level. Regressions also include market price, estimated C-section risk, indicators for African American, Hispanics, race missing, education (less than high school, high school, some college, missing), married, married missing, Medicaid, Medicaid missing, teen mom, 25–34, 35 plus, smoking, smoking missing, male child, parity 2, parity 3, parity 4 plus, parity missing, month and year of birth indicators, indicators for 3-digit zip code, and an indicator for whether the birth was on a week day. R-squared is shown for ordinary least squares and chi-squared is shown for two-stage least squares.