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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 Jan 1.
Published in final edited form as: J Labor Econ. 2017;35(1):18977. doi: 10.3386/w18977

Table 7.

Two-Stage Least Squares Estimates of Effect Decision Making and Surgical Skill, Three Risk Categories

C-Section Risk
Low (p(csect) < .084) and Medium (p(csect) ≥ .084 p(csect) ≤ .439) High (p(csect) > .439)
Dependent variable = C-section:
 Decision making −.015  
(.004) 		 −.013  
(.009) 		 .043  
(.006) 
 Procedural skill difference .014  
(.007) 		 .022  
(.012) 		 .034  
(.012) 
 x2 5,100 24,066 11,817
Dependent variable = any bad outcome:
 Decision making −.009  
(.007) 		 −.018  
(.008) 		 −.010  
(.003) 
 Procedural skill difference −.043  
(.006) 		 −.058  
(.008) 		 −.078  
(.005) 
 x2 4,709 9,404 5,726
Dependent variable = bad maternal outcome:
 Decision making −.004  
(.002) 		 −.008  
(.004) 		 .003  
(.004) 
 Procedural skill difference −.017  
(.006) 		 −.033  
(.009) 		 −.060  
(.008) 
 x2 6,11 2,238 3,778
Dependent variable: bad infant outcome:
 Decision making −.006  
(.006) 		 −.011  
(.010) 		 −.013  
(.004) 
 Procedural skill difference −.029  
(.007) 		 −.034  
(.011) 		 −.025  
(.007) 
 x2 20,201 3,886 4,540
Observations 251,948 472,955 243,845

Note.—Standard errors (in parentheses) are clustered at the 3-digit zip code level. Regressions also include market price, estimated C-section risk, indicators for African American, Hispanics, race missing, education (less than high school, high school, some college, missing), married, married missing, Medicaid, Medicaid missing, teen mom, 25–34, 35 plus, smoking, smoking missing, male child, parity 2, parity 3, parity 4 plus, parity missing, month and year of birth indicators, indicators for 3-digit zip code, and an indicator for whether the birth was on a week day.