Table 3. Mixed effects logistic regression models of utilitarian walking for the total sample, young and older adults: National Population Health Survey (1994–2010).
| Utilitarian walking >= 1hr/week (ref. less than 1hr/week) | Total Sample (18 to 90 years at baseline) |
Young adults (18 to 45 years at baseline) |
Older adults (65 to 90 years at baseline) |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Odds Ratio | 95% C.I. | Odds Ratio | 95% C.I. | Odds Ratio | 95% C.I. | ||||
| Moved from residence during survey follow-up | 1.05 | 0.99 | 1.12 | 1.08 | 0.99 | 1.17 | 1.10 | 0.95 | 1.28 |
| Women (ref. men) | 1.40** | 1.34 | 1.47 | 1.50** | 1.41 | 1.60 | 1.08 | 0.98 | 1.27 |
| Age at baseline (ref. 18 to 45 years old) | |||||||||
| 46 to 64 years old | 0.95 | 0.89 | 1.02 | ||||||
| 65 to 90 years old | 0.74** | 0.66 | 0.82 | ||||||
| Age at baseline*** | 0.99** | 0.99 | 1.00 | 0.96** | 0.95 | 0.97 | |||
| Immigration status at baseline (ref. not immigrant) | |||||||||
| Immigrated less than 10 years ago | 0.80* | 0.69 | 0.91 | 0.80** | 0.68 | 0.93 | 0.80 | 0.40 | 1.59 |
| Immigrated more than 10 years ago | 0.94 | 0.87 | 1.01 | 0.81** | 0.72 | 0.92 | 0.90 | 0.77 | 1.06 |
| Household type (ref. couple) | |||||||||
| Living alone | 1.05* | 1.00 | 1.12 | 1.14** | 1.04 | 1.25 | 1.06 | 0.94 | 1.22 |
| Living with others including children | 0.98 | 0.93 | 1.03 | 1.02 | 0.95 | 1.09 | 0.88 | 0.72 | 1.06 |
| Leisure time physical activity (ref. inactive) | |||||||||
| Active/ moderately active | 1.35** | 1.34 | 1.4 | 1.25** | 1.19 | 1.32 | 1.79** | 1.60 | 2.00 |
| Perceived health (ref. poor/fair) | |||||||||
| Good | 1.35** | 1.26 | 1.44 | 1.14** | 1.03 | 1.26 | 1.69** | 1.48 | 1.94 |
| Very good/excellent | 1.46** | 1.36 | 1.55 | 1.20** | 1.09 | 1.32 | 2.05** | 1.78 | 2.35 |
| Education (ref. did not complete PSE) | |||||||||
| Completed post-secondary education (PSE) | 0.99 | 0.95 | 1.03 | 0.96 | 0.90 | 1.01 | 1.12 | 0.96 | 1.31 |
|
Retirement status (ref. not retired) Retired |
0.88* |
0.80 |
0.98 |
- | - | - | 0.84* | 0.72 | 0.98 |
| PCET* to neighbourhoods with different Walk Score® categories in population center (PC) of different sizes (ref. PCET to rural area) | |||||||||
| PCET to low walkability in small PC | 0.93 | 0.85 | 1.02 | 0.94 | 0.84 | 1.06 | 1.09 | 0.85 | 1.40 |
| PCET to medium walkability in small PC | 1.22* | 1.01 | 1.46 | 1.23 | 0.95 | 1.59 | 1.14 | 0.77 | 1.66 |
| PCET to high walkability in small PC | 1.66** | 1.31 | 2.10 | 1.65** | 1.19 | 2.27 | 1.67** | 1.08 | 2.57 |
| PCET to low walkability in medium PC | 0.78** | 0.67 | 0.89 | 0.75** | 0.63 | 0.90 | 0.76 | 0.53 | 1.10 |
| PCET to medium walkability in medium PC | 0.98 | 0.83 | 1.13 | 1.01 | 0.82 | 1.24 | 0.84 | 0.60 | 1.19 |
| PCET to high walkability in medium PC | 1.25** | 1.06 | 1.47 | 1.32** | 1.06 | 1.65 | 1.32 | 0.92 | 1.86 |
| PCET to low walkability in large PC | 0.96 | 0.87 | 1.05 | 0.94 | 0.83 | 1.06 | 1.04 | 0.77 | 1.39 |
| PCET to medium walkability in large PC | 1.23** | 1.13 | 1.34 | 1.29** | 1.15 | 1.44 | 1.17 | 0.94 | 1.46 |
| PCET to high walkability in large PC | 1.61** | 1.47 | 1.76 | 1.74** | 1.56 | 1.95 | 1.26* | 1.02 | 1.55 |
| Language (ref. English or others) | |||||||||
| French | 0.49** | 0.43 | 0.56 | 0.49** | 0.41 | 0.58 | 0.54** | 0.40 | 0.74 |
| Province of residence (ref. British Columbia) | |||||||||
| Newfoundland & Labrador | 0.77** | 0.69 | 0.87 | 0.89 | 0.76 | 1.04 | 0.44** | 0.32 | 0.60 |
| Prince Edward Islands | 0.82** | 0.70 | 0.94 | 1.02 | 0.85 | 1.22 | 0.50** | 0.34 | 0.72 |
| Nova Scotia | 0.95 | 0.84 | 1.06 | 1.11 | 0.95 | 1.30 | 0.64** | 0.49 | 0.85 |
| New Brunswick | 0.73** | 0.64 | 0.83 | 0.82** | 0.69 | 0.97 | 0.51** | 0.37 | 0.69 |
| Quebec | 0.71** | 0.60 | 0.82 | 0.82* | 0.67 | 1.00 | 0.51** | 0.36 | 0.72 |
| Ontario | 0.99 | 0.90 | 1.08 | 1.09 | 0.97 | 1.23 | 0.82 | 0.67 | 1.01 |
| Manitoba | 0.84** | 0.74 | 0.95 | 0.95 | 0.80 | 1.11 | 0.70* | 0.52 | 0.93 |
| Saskatchewan | 1.00 | 0.88 | 1.13 | 1.24** | 1.05 | 1.46 | 0.52** | 0.38 | 0.70 |
| Alberta | 0.89 | 0.79 | 0.99 | 1.09 | 0.94 | 1.26 | 0.54** | 0.40 | 0.72 |
| Constant | 0.45 | 0.39 | 0.52 | 0.51 | 0.41 | 0.63 | 2.83 | 1.43 | 5.62 |
| Random effects variance component: | 0.68 | 0.63 | 0.73 | 0.72 | 0.66 | 0.78 | 0.49 | 0.38 | 0.63 |
| Number of observations | 66,840 | 40,932 | 8,980 | ||||||
| Number of participants | 11,198 | 6,584 | 1,971 | ||||||
| Model fit: AIC | 86036.21 | 52956.77 | 11147.33 | ||||||
| BIC | 86418.83 | 53301.56 | 11438.54 | ||||||
**statistically significant at 99% confidence level.
All models controlled for time, ref. time at baseline
*statistically significant at 95% confidence level.
*** Age was centered around the mean age of the group at baseline.