Table 4. Mixed effects logistic regression models of exercise walking for the total sample, young and older adults: National Population Health Survey (1994–2010).
| Exercise walking (ref. does not walk for leisure) | Total Sample (18 to 90 years at baseline) |
Young adults (18 to 45 years at baseline) |
Older adults (65 to 90 years at baseline) |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Odds Ratio | 95% C.I. | Odds Ratio | 95% C.I. | Odds Ratio | 95% C.I. | ||||
| Moved from residence during survey follow-up | 1.11* | 1.01 | 1.22 | 1.16** | 1.03 | 1.31 | 1.19 | 0.93 | 1.51 |
| Women (ref. men) | 2.04** | 1.89 | 2.22 | 2.71** | 2.47 | 2.97 | 0.99 | 0.81 | 1.22 |
| Age at baseline (ref. 18 to 45 years old) | |||||||||
| 46 to 64 years old | 0.91 | 0.83 | 1.00 | ||||||
| 65 to 90 years old | 0.46** | 0.39 | 0.54 | ||||||
| Age at baseline*** | 1.01** | 1.00 | 1.01 | 0.94** | 0.92 | 0.95 | |||
| Immigration status at baseline (ref. not immigrant) | |||||||||
| Immigrated less than 10 years ago | 0.43** | 0.35 | 0.54 | 0.41** | 0.33 | 0.51 | 1.33 | 0.46 | 3.84 |
| Immigrated more than 10 years ago | 0.82** | 0.72 | 0.92 | 0.66** | 0.55 | 0.79 | 0.95 | 0.74 | 1.23 |
| Household type (ref. couple) | |||||||||
| Living alone | 0.79** | 0.73 | 0.86 | 0.79** | 0.70 | 0.89 | 1.19 | 0.98 | 1.44 |
| Living with others including children | 0.80** | 0.74 | 0.86 | 0.83** | 0.75 | 0.91 | 0.99 | 0.77 | 1.28 |
| Utilitarian walking (ref. None or <1hr/ week) | |||||||||
| Walked for utilitarian > = 1hr per week | 1.32** | 1.26 | 1.38 | 1.22** | 1.15 | 1.30 | 1.62** | 1.43 | 1.83 |
| Perceived health (ref. poor/fair) | |||||||||
| Good | 1.57** | 1.45 | 1.70 | 1.45** | 1.29 | 1.63 | 1.79** | 1.52 | 2.09 |
| Very good/excellent | 1.98** | 1.82 | 2.15 | 1.84** | 1.63 | 2.07 | 2.30** | 1.95 | 2.75 |
| Education (ref. did not complete PSE) | |||||||||
| Completed post-secondary education (PSE) | 1.42** | 1.32 | 1.53 | 1.30** | 1.19 | 1.40 | 1.48** | 1.15 | 1.90 |
| Retirement status (ref. not retired) Retired |
1.19* |
1.02 |
1.39 |
- | - | - | 1.25 | 0.98 | 1.59 |
| PCET* to neighbourhoods with different Walk Score® categories in population center (PC) of different sizes (ref. PCET to rural area) | |||||||||
| PCET to low walkability in small PC | 1.04 | 0.92 | 1.19 | 1.06 | 0.90 | 1.25 | 0.85 | 0.58 | 1.23 |
| PCET to medium walkability in small PC | 1.54** | 1.17 | 2.01 | 1.31 | 0.90 | 1.90 | 1.65 | 0.92 | 2.99 |
| PCET to high walkability in small PC | 1.39 | 0.98 | 1.98 | 1.20 | 0.77 | 1.89 | 1.73 | 0.87 | 3.42 |
| PCET to low walkability in medium PC | 1.12 | 0.94 | 1.35 | 1.18 | 0.94 | 1.48 | 0.67 | 0.42 | 1.07 |
| PCET to medium walkability in medium PC | 0.90 | 0.75 | 1.08 | 0.91 | 0.71 | 1.16 | 0.95 | 0.64 | 1.41 |
| PCET to high walkability in medium PC | 1.22* | 1.00 | 1.50 | 1.08 | 0.83 | 1.41 | 1.53* | 1.00 | 2.36 |
| PCET to low walkability in large PC | 1.24** | 1.07 | 1.43 | 1.10 | 0.93 | 1.31 | 0.77 | 0.49 | 1.20 |
| PCET to medium walkability in large PC | 1.18* | 1.03 | 1.34 | 1.01 | 0.86 | 1.19 | 1.62** | 1.15 | 2.29 |
| PCET to high walkability in large PC | 1.48** | 1.30 | 1.69 | 1.42** | 1.20 | 1.67 | 2.09** | 1.51 | 2.89 |
| Language (ref. English or others) | |||||||||
| French | 0.83 | 0.68 | 1.00 | 0.70** | 0.55 | 0.90 | 0.81 | 0.52 | 1.28 |
| Province of residence (ref. British Columbia) | |||||||||
| Newfoundland & Labrador | 0.70** | 0.58 | 0.86 | 0.89 | 0.70 | 1.13 | 0.28** | 0.17 | 0.47 |
| Prince Edward Islands | 0.61** | 0.48 | 0.76 | 0.65** | 0.50 | 0.85 | 0.55* | 0.32 | 0.98 |
| Nova Scotia | 0.81** | 0.67 | 0.98 | 1.07 | 0.83 | 1.36 | 0.54** | 0.35 | 0.85 |
| New Brunswick | 0.81** | 0.66 | 0.98 | 0.93 | 0.72 | 1.20 | 0.62 | 0.38 | 1.00 |
| Quebec | 0.57** | 0.45 | 0.72 | 0.64** | 0.48 | 0.86 | 0.47** | 0.27 | 0.80 |
| Ontario | 0.73** | 0.63 | 0.84 | 0.77** | 0.64 | 0.92 | 0.65* | 0.46 | 0.92 |
| Manitoba | 0.66** | 0.54 | 0.80 | 0.66** | 0.52 | 0.84 | 0.65 | 0.40 | 1.02 |
| Saskatchewan | 0.74** | 0.60 | 0.91 | 0.79 | 0.62 | 1.02 | 0.72 | 0.45 | 1.15 |
| Alberta | 0.82** | 0.69 | 0.98 | 0.90 | 0.73 | 1.13 | 0.79 | 0.49 | 1.26 |
| Constant | 1.42 | 1.16 | 1.74 | 1.01 | 0.76 | 1.34 | 40.8 | 14.6 | 113.9 |
| Random effects variance component: | 2.33 | 2.20 | 2.46 | 0.716 | 0.656 | 0.780 | 2.49 | 2.15 | 2.89 |
| Number of observations | 66,908 | 40,932 | 8,980 | ||||||
| Number of participants | 11,200 | 6,584 | 1,971 | ||||||
| Model fit: AIC | 68218.72 | 52956.77 | 10236.32 | ||||||
| BIC | 68601.39 | 53301.56 | 10527.54 | ||||||
**statistically significant at 99% confidence level
All models controlled for time, ref. time at baseline.
*statistically significant at 95% confidence level.
*** Age was centered around the mean age of the group at baseline.