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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 Sep 1.
Published in final edited form as: Toxicol In Vitro. 2017 May 30;43:76–86. doi: 10.1016/j.tiv.2017.05.021

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Six different types of dung biomass smoke induce pro-inflammatory cytokine production in SAECs.

SAECs were exposed to air or dung smoke (horse, U.S. cow, India cow, elephant, goat, or rhinoceros (rhino)) for 15 or 30 minutes and cell supernatants were collected 24-hours post-exposure. Dose-response effects of dung biomass smoke exposure on (A) IL-8 and (B) GM-CSF production in SAECs were determined by ELISA. Data represent mean ± SD (n = 3 – replicates per exposure group from an independent experiment), *p<0.05 by two-way ANOVA (compared to air-exposed cells using Tukey’s post-hoc analysis). (C) IL-8 and (D) GM-CSF levels were measured in SAECs exposed to 30 minutes of dung smoke in multiple experiments. Data represent mean ± SEM for n=3 independent experiments with 3 replicate cultures per experiment.*p<0.05 by one-way ANOVA (compared to air-exposed cells using a Dunnett’s post-hoc analysis).